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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
EEG (electroencephalogram)
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records electrical waves moving across the brain's surface
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PET (positron emission tomography) Scan
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follows radioactive form of glucose while brain performs a given task
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer-generated images that show different types of brain tissue
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brainstem
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oldest part of brain; automatic survival functions
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medulla
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base of brainstem; heartbeat and breathing
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reticular formation
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nerve network in brainstem; helps control arousal
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thalamus
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communication center
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cerebellum
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little brain; voluntary movements and balance
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limbic system
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emotions; includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
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hippocampus
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memory
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amygdala
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two almond shaped clusters; fear and anger
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hypothalamus
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below thalamus; reward center; eating, drinking, temperature, emotions; helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland
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cerebral cortex
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frontal (forehead), parietal (top), occipital (back), temporal (side); voluntary movements, sneses, vision, language
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plasticity
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brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness
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corpus collosum
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band of axon fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres
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effects of severing the corpus collosum
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reduce seizures, each hemisphere separate, ambidextrous
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chromosome
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molecule of DNA containing instructions to make proteins
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DNA
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contains genetic info
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genes
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basic units for transmitting heredity
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human genome
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code for making human beings; 99.5% the same for any 2 people
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gene pairs
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23 pairs; 23rd pair is the sex chromosome
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genotype
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genetic info on the 23 chromosome pairs
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phenotype
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physcial appearance and behavior of a person
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gene-environment interaction
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environment affects your genes
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dominant recessive
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influence of one gene is greater than that of another gene
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monozygotic twins
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originate from one zygote and share 100% of their genes
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dizygotic twins
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two sperm penetrate two ova and share 50% of their genes
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collectivist
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interdependent on others
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individualist
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independent of others
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effect of environment on brain development
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loved nurtured babies develop faster
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prenatal periods
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stages of pregnancy; germinal, embryonic, fetal
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germinal stage (0-2 wks)
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conceptionin fallopian tubes; cell differentiation and multiplication; 42% successfully implant
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embryonic stage (3-8 wks)
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major organs develop; at 8 weeks, organism less than 2" long
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fetal stage (9 wks-birth)
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sex organs develop; significant brain development; age of viability occurs around 22 wks
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age of viability
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when a preterm baby can be born and survive; around 22 wks
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teratology
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study of birth defects
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teratogens
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agents harmful to the developing organism
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critical period
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time of greates vulnerability for each body structure
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determining risk
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critical period, amount of exposure, genetic vulnerability
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birthweight
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average weight 7 1/2 lbs; low birthweight less than 5 1/2 lbs; preterms is less than 35 weeks
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apgar scale
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assessment of risk taken 1 and 5 minutes after birth; 5 vital signs: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
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newborn growth rates
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triple birthweight in 1 year; by age two, about 1/2 adult height and 1/4 adult weight
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reflexes
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aid survival; stepping, palmar grasp, sucking, rooting, babinski
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brain maturation
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brain development occurs in order according to genetic instructions; neural connections develop
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memory
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earliest age of conscious memory around 3 1/2 years
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Jean Piaget
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most influential cognitive psychologists in last century; studied development of children
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schemas
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mental molds we make of things
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assimilation
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fitting new experiences into our current understanding
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accomodation
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must modify or create a new schema because something new doesn't fit into our schema
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attachment
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bond that infants have with others
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frontal cortex
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develops as child learns how to think and react on deeper levels
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development of reasoning
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stages of reasoning development
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sensorimotor stage
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sensory and motor interactions with objects
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preoperational stage
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too young to perform complex mental operations
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concrete operational stage
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grasp conservation, can perform mathematics
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formal operational stage
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abstract thinking
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morality
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development of moral reasoning
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preconvential morality
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avoid punishment or gain reward
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conventional morality
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social rules and laws upheld for own sake
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postconventional morality
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agreed-upon rights and personally perceived ethical principles
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identity
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trying to decide where we fit; may try on two or more attitudes
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