Psychology Set 1

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

a relatively durable CHANGE in BEHAVIOR or KNOWLEDGE due to EXPERIENCE

Front 2

Classical Conditioning (Respondent Conditioning)

Back 2

learning in which a stimulus is able to cause a response that was originally caused be another stimulus

Front 3

Acquisition

Back 3

when an organism acquires a new conditioned response

Front 4

If classical conditioning occurs successfully: the previous _______ stimuli causes the same response previously caused by the _________ stimuli.

Back 4

If classical conditioning occurs successfully: the previous NEUTRAL stimuli causes the same response previously caused by the UNCONDITIONED stimuli.

Front 5

If classical conditioning occurs successfully: the _____ stimuli becomes the ______ stimuli and the _______ response becomes the __________ response.

Back 5

If classical conditioning occurs successfully: the neutral stimuli becomes the conditioned stimuli and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response.

Front 6

Explain the Pavlov experiment using: NS NR US UR CS CR.

Back 6

Pavlov noted that meat powder (US) caused salivation (UR) in a dog. He also noticed that a ringing bell (NS) caused a response such as fear or interest (NR). He paired the bell with food several times. After some time, Pavlov was able to present the bell only (CS) and elicit salivation (CR) in the dog.

Front 7

Unconditioned Stimuli and Unconditioned Response are...

Back 7

...a cause and effect pair that are UNLEARNED (in a sense, natural). For instance, the Pavlovian dog was presented with meat powder (US) and salivated (UR). We do not need to teach a dog to salivate for yummy food, it just does.

Front 8

Explain the Watson and Rayner Experiment

Back 8

Watson and Rayner caused fear in little baby Albert by presenting a white rat and a loud noise at the same time. (conditioning)

Front 9

Phobia

Back 9

an irrational fear response (may be the result of conditioning)

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

the weakening and then DISAPPEARANCE of a CONDITIONED RESPONSE (when it is no longer paired with the UNCONDITIONED STIMULI) (For example, after awhile albert may have stopped fearing (CR) the white rat.)

Front 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 11

REAPPEARANCE of an extinguish CONDITIONED STIMULI after a period of rest

Front 12

Generalization

Back 12

a CONDITIONED RESPONSE is caused by stimuli SIMILAR to the CONDITIONED STIMULI (For example, Little Albert started fearing all fluffy white things (rabbits, beards, blankets, etc) not just the rat. )

Front 13

Discrimination

Back 13

an organism learns to make a response to only one Conditioned Stimuli and not to others.

Front 14

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 14

Conditioning a NEW RESPONSE to a CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Front 15

B.F. Skinner's Rat in the Box Experiment employs ________

Back 15

Operant Conditioning

Front 16

Operant Conditioning

Back 16

Strengthening or weakening of A BEHAVIOR through consequences

Front 17

Response

Back 17

and behavior that is observable

Front 18

Reinforcer

Back 18

any event that INCREASES the probability of a future similar RESPONSE

Front 19

Positive Reinforcement

Back 19

PRESENTING these increases the probability of a future similar response (for example, I'll give you candy so you'll study more)

Front 20

Negative Reinforcement

Back 20

REMOVING these increases the probability of a future similar response (Note: THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT) (Example, I'll stop poking you if you study)

Front 21

Punishment

Back 21

Presenting these (averse stimuli) decreases the probability of a future similar response. (I'll ground you so you don't steal cookies again)

Front 22

Shaping of behavior

Back 22

Reinforcement of Approximate responses

Front 23

Continuous (reinforcement schedule)

Back 23

Every Response Reinforced

Front 24

Intermittent (reinforcement schedule)

Back 24

Reinforcement after a certain number of responses

Front 25

Name the two types of intermittent reinforcement schedule

Back 25

Fixed Ratio (example: every 3rd response is reinforced)

Variable Ratio (random reinforcement that will average out to a certain ratio of reinforcement)

Front 26

What is Freud's belief about punishment of natural impulses.

Back 26

Punishment of natural impulses of the id would create ANXIETY and lead to abnormal personality development.

Front 27

Skinner demonstrated that Punishment....

(3 points)

Back 27

1. TEMPORARILY suppressed behavior.

2. Was LESS POWERFUL than REWARDS to change behavior

3. Was only effective if the punisher was near enough to punish the subjects

Front 28

Most research shows that punishment in moderation is ________.(harmful or not harmful?)

Back 28

Not harmful

Front 29

Most research shows that punishment can suppress BAD behavior under TWO conditions:

Back 29

1. Punishment must be immediate

2. Punishment must be in moderation

(Remember: IMMEDIATE and IN MODERATION)

Front 30

Severe Punishment may cause...

Back 30

anti-social personality disorders

Front 31

If punishment is delayed the child must be told

Back 31

what BEHAVIOR is being punished and WHY

Front 32

The punishment "TIME OUT" usually works because...

Back 32

it is impossible for the unwanted behavior to be reinforced

Front 33

Name 3 problems caused by punishment

Back 33

1. Does not teach GOOD behavior

2. Sometimes, children will exhibit undesirable behavior when trying to be helpful. Punishment can suppress helpfulness.

3. If punishment works the rate of punishing (by the adult) will go up.

Front 34

Name 3 alternatives to punishment

Back 34

1. Extinction

2. Omission training: reinforce child for NOT making undesirable response.

3. Reasoning: give (concrete) reasons why child should obey rules

Front 35

name 3 side effects of punishment

Back 35

1. Punishment may teach children to model aggressive behavior

2. there is a high correlation between punishment during childhood and and aggression during adolescence

3. punishment may teach fear response or avoidance response

Front 36

avoidance learning

Back 36

behavior that keeps an aversive stimuli from occurring

Front 37

escape learning

Back 37

behavior that DECREASES an aversive stimuli that IS OCCURRING

Front 38

reinforcement of incompatible response

Back 38

rewarding responses that are OPPOSITE of the undesirable behavior

Front 39

satiation

Back 39

presenting an actively sought stimuli so many times that the subject no longer seeks it

Front 40

Secondary reinforcers

Back 40

acquired reinforcers that have been associated with primary reinforcers through experience

Front 41

Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)

Back 41

learning in which responses are controlled by their consequences

Front 42

Shaping Behavior

Back 42

providing reinforcement to responses that approximate the final response required