Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Attention definition |
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the external or internal environment while ignoring other aspects |
|
|
What is attention |
Selective attentioon . Attending to one thing while ignoring another Distraction . A stimulus interferes with the processing of another Divided attention . Paying attention to more than one thing at a time Attentional capture . Rapid shifting of attention caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, sudden movement Visual scanning . Eye movements from one location to another |
|
|
Introduction summary |
Attention allows us to focus on a particular stimulus while at the same time ignoring other stimuli Attention effects perception Attentino affects other processes, e.g. Learning, Workking memory, Vigilance |
|
|
Models of attention |
Attention allows us to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring other stimuliKey research questions. How do we choose between stimuli to attend to and which to ignore? Bottom-up or Top-downAt which level is information processed when we attend to a stimulus?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? Attention allows us to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring other stimuliKey research questions. How do we choose between stimuli to attend to and which to ignore? Bottom-up or Top-downAt which level is information processed when we attend to a stimulus?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? Attention allows us to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring other stimuliKey research questions. How do we choose between stimuli to attend to and which to ignore? Bottom-up or Top-downAt which level is information processed when we attend to a stimulus?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? Attention allows us to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring other stimuliKey research questions. How do we choose between stimuli to attend to and which to ignore? Bottom-up or Top-downAt which level is information processed when we attend to a stimulus?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ? At which level is information processed when we attend to a stimulus?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? . Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ?. Physical characteristics (tone, loudness etc.)?. Meaning?What happens to stimuli that are not attended? . Meaning? What happens to stimuli that are not attended? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
|
|
Cocktail party phenomenon |
At a party, you have no problem focusing on your conversation despite all other conversations |
|
|
Models of attention |
Cherry (1953) investigated cocktail party phenomenon Dichotic listening paradigm - one message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear - when voice have the same physical properties, participants could not separate messages |
|
|
Models of attention |
How much is retained from the unattended message? Shadowing task . Overtly repeat attended message .. requires strong focus on attended input .. no attention on ignored input .. was anything recognised from ignored message |
|
|
Models of attention |
How much was retained from unattended message. . Mostly physical properties (tone) were noticed . Did not notice .. meaning of message .. change in language (english to german) .. change in gender .. message in reverse Suggests that unattended messages are filtered very early in sensory processing because no high level information is retained |
|
|
Models of attention |
Filter model (broadbent's 1958) An early selection model- . All or nothing filter . Filter eliminates information at early processing stages . Filters messafe before incoming information is analysed for meaning |
|
|
Models of attention |
Filter model (Broadbent's 1958) Stimuli passing the filter becomes the focus of attention (guided by top down and bottom up processes) The unattended stimuli are completely disregarded It is an all or nothing filter |
|
|
Models of attention |
Tom and betty are talking - focus Fred has a conversatoin that involves toms name It is likely that tom will notice his name and orient his attention towards fred |
|
|
Models of attention |
Attenuation model (Treisman 1964) Based on broadbent's model . Early selection model Different mechanisms for filtering Not an all or nothing filter but a gradual attenuator |
|
|
Models of attention |
When is the attenuated message analysed? . When its activation exceeds a threshold. Threshold affected by: context, priming, subjective importance Hierarchy of analysers . Messages are analysed from simple to complex . If task demands are high there is little processing of attenuated message . If task demands are low, attenuated message may be fully processed |
|
|
Models of attention |
Attention model (treisman 1964) . Early selection model . Alllows for initially unattended information to become attended (and consciously aware) . All other information is decaying in early sensory memory . Unattended information can have no affect on our behaviour. Behaviour is only affected by information we are aware of (attended information) |
|
|
Models of attention |
Late selection models (deutsch and deutsch 1963) All information is analysed fully for meaning Selection takes place based on physical properties and meaning Unlikely that anything important will be missed But its resource demanding |
|
|
Models of attention |
A late selection models . How to test whether they are true Key assumption: all information is fully processed included unattended information If late selection models are right unattended information should influence behaviour |
|
|
Models of attention |
Theory of perceptual load (lavie; Lavie; 1995; 2000) Processing capacity . Amount of information that can be handled at one time . Difficuly of task Difficult tasks Theory of perceptual load (lavie; Lavie; 1995; 2000)Processing capacity. Amount of information that can be handled at one timePerceptual load. Difficuly of taskDifficult tasks. Focused resources and attention. Selection is early to make these resources availableEasy task. Needs only small amount of attentional resources. Selection is late due to sufficient resources Theory of perceptual load (lavie; Lavie; 1995; 2000)Processing capacity. Amount of information that can be handled at one timePerceptual load. Difficuly of taskDifficult tasks. Focused resources and attention. Selection is early to make these resources availableEasy task. Needs only small amount of attentional resources. Selection is late due to sufficient resources Theory of perceptual load (lavie; Lavie; 1995; 2000)Processing capacity. Amount of information that can be handled at one timePerceptual load. Difficuly of taskDifficult tasks. Focused resources and attention. Selection is early to make these resources availableEasy task. Needs only small amount of attentional resources. Selection is late due to sufficient resources . Focused resources and attention . Selection is early to make these resources available Perceptual load. Difficuly of taskDifficult tasks. Focused resources and attention. Selection is early to make these resources availableEasy task. Needs only small amount of attentional resources. Selection is late due to sufficient resources . Difficuly of taskDifficult tasks. Focused resources and attention. Selection is early to make these resources availableEasy task. Needs only small amount of attentional resources. Selection is late due to sufficient resources Easy task . Needs only small amount of attentional resources . Selection is late due to sufficient resources |
|
|
Load theory of attention (Lavie 2005) |
No task = most teaming attention capacity High load = least reaming attention capacity Low load = more reaming attention capacity than high load |
|
|
Models of attention - summary |
Early selection model (broadbent 1958) = unattended information is filtered out completely early in process Attenuators model (treisman 1964) = unattended information is attenuated early in processing Late selection model (deutsch & deutsch 1963) = all information is filtered out only in late processing Theory of perceptual load (Lavie 1995) = selection is early in difficult tasks and late in easy tasks |
|
|
Divided attention |
Highest level of attention AKA multi-tasking |
|
|
Driving distractions (strayer and Johnston 2001) |
Talking on mobiles uses cognitive resources that would be used for attention to driving |
|
|
In attentional blindness (Cartright-finch and Lavie 2007) |
. Not attending to clearly visible stimuli . Distracting task reduces ability to notice an obvious stimuli . Only 10% noticed square despite being located right next to the cross |
|
|
Change blindness |
Small but easily visible changes in an image are not perceived |
|
|
Automaticity |
Controlled processing . Limited capacity . Requires attention . Slow . Effortful . Conscious . Controllable . Flexible |
|
|
Automaticity |
Automatic processing . Capacity free . Does not require attention . Fast . Effortless . Outside awareness . Uncontrollable . Inflexible; cannot be changed to changing circumstances |
|
|
Attention as selection |
Overt attention . Shifting attention from one place to another through eye movement . Scanning a scene Covert attention . Shifting attention in the mind without eye movement . Shifting attention from reading to colour naming in stroop |
|
|
Vision |
Central vision . Area you are looking at . Objects in central vision fall on fovea . Scanning = fixations and saccade eye movements Peripheral vision . Everything off to the side |
|
|
Bottom-up overt attention |
Stimuli driven exogenous system . Automatic involuntary shifts in attention . Important for survival . Based on salience; colour, contrast, movement, threat value . Attentional capture |
|
|
Top-down overt attention (Land and Hayhoe, 2001) |
Goal driven endogenous system . Controlled voluntary shifts in attention . Based on meaning and task relevance |
|
|
Covert attention (poster & Peterson 1990) |
Covert attention . Shifting attention in the mind without eye movement . Shifting attention from reading to colour naming in stroop Does paying attention to a location improve the ability to respond to stimuli presented there? |
|
|
Ponder cueing task (poster, nissen & Ogden 1978) |
. 80% valid trials (direct attention towards square) . 20% invalid trials (direct attention away from target) . Faster RTs for valid than invalid trials . Indicates more effective information processing at the place where attention is directed |
|
|
Attention as a spotlight |
. Attention is like a spotlight . Spotlight improves processing when spotlight is directed towards a particular location . Locus of attentional spotlight may not be the same as locus of eye fixation . Emphasises the notion of limited capacity |
