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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a transitional phase - late teens to mid-twenties --> children leave adolescence but are still some distance from taking on full adult responsibilities --
*explore alternatives |
Emerging Adulthood
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genetically influence declines in the functioning of organs and systems --universal to all members of our species
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biological aging
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amount of energy the body uses at rest
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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refers to an array of physical and psychological symptoms that usually appear 6-10 days before menstruation
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Premenstural syndrom
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the acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or an endeavor
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expertise
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in early and middle childhood children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them
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VOCATIONAL CHOICE:
1. fantasy period |
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between the ages of 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in a more complex way - at first in terms of interest, and soon -- as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations -- interests and values
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VOCATIONAL CHOICE:
2. tentative period |
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by the late and early twenties -- young people start to narrow options --
first with further exploration (gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics) then crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation |
VOCATIONAL CHOICE:
3. realisitic period |
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age-graded expectations for major life events
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social clock
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identifies:
intimacy, passion, and commitment as the three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop |
sternberg's triangular theory of love
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most often experienced by young adults -- an unhappiness resulting from a gap between the social relationships we currently have and those we desire
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loneliness
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a sequence of phases categorizing the development of most families around the world
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family cycle
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involving clear division of gender in the home. man is the head of the household; women devotes herself to caring and nurturing
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traditional marriage
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husband and wife relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both partners try to balance time and energy for work and family
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egalitarian
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the midlife transition when fertility declines
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climateric
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defined by extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, angry outbursts, and a sense of time pressure
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Type A behavior pattern
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Often determine how an individual is likely to cope with stress -- control, commitment, challenge
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hardiness
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future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming. Possible selves are the temporal dimension of self-concept -- what the individual is striving for and hoping to avoid
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possible selves
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asserts taht identification with traditional gender roles is maintained through child rearing years in order to promote survival - men are more goal-oriented while women emphasize nurturance
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parental imperative theory
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Trend in which women who support themselves or their familes are quickly becoming the largest population of adults living in poverty
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feminization of poverty
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usually the mother -- the individual who keeps the family together - makes sure everyone stays in touch
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kinkeeper
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used to refer to the generation that must care for multiple generations -- ie generations above and below
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sandwich generation
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the invisible barrier to advancement that women and minorities face when trying to climb the social ladder
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glass ceiling
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actual age and performance
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functional age
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the number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect to live, starting at any given age
-- varies with SES, ethnicity, nationality, and education |
average life expectancy
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the number of years of vigorous, health life an individual born in a particular year can expect
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active life span
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occurs at about the age of 85 -- survigin members of low SES, ethnic minorities groups live longer than members of the white majority
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life expectancy crossover
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basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own (i.e. bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed or a chair etc.)
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activities of daily living
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tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence (i.e. telephoning, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, paying bills)
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instrumental activities of daily living
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the genetic limit to length of life for a person free of external risk factors
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maximum lifespan
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goal to decrease the average period of diminished vigor before death
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compression of morbidity
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aging due to genetically influenced declines
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primary aging
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declines due to herditary and environmental factore
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secondary aging
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weakened functioning of diverse organs and body systems
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frailty
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most common type pf arthritis, which involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of most frequently used joints
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osteoarthritis
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involves the whole body. An autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissu, resulting in overall stifness, inflammation, and aching.
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rheumatoid arthritis
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refers to a set of disorders occuring almost entirely in old age in which many aspects of thought and behavior are impaired in such a way that everyday life activities are interrupted
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dementia
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the most common form of dimmentia, in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior
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Alzheimer's disease
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caused by a series of strokes - producing step-by-step degeneration of mental ability, with each step occuring abruptly after a stroke
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cerebrovascular dementia
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engaged in by elders who sustain high levels of functioning. Narrowing their goals, they select personally valued activities to optimize returns from their diminishing energy. They also find new ways to compensate for losses.
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Selective optimization with compensation
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automatic memory; memory with out conscious awareness
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implicit memory
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difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information
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associative memory deficit
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very long-term recall
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remote memory
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remembrance of things past - implicit memory, associative memory, remote memory
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retrospective memory
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refers to remembering to engage in planned activities in the future
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prospective memory
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expertise in the conduct and meaning of life; emotional maturity
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wisdom
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refers to marked acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death
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terminal decline
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behaviors are attended to immediately
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COMPLEMENTARY BEHAVIOR PATTERNS:
Dependency - support script |
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independent behaviors are mostly ignored
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COMPLEMENTARY BEHAVIOR PATTERNS:
independence-ignore script |
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mutual withdrawal between elders and society takes place in anticipation of death
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SOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING:
disengagement theory |
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states that social barriers to engagement, not the desires of the elders, cause declining rates of interaction. When older people lose certain roles (i.e through retirement), they try to find others in an effort to say about as active and busy as they were in middle age
--> it is the quality not the quantity of relationships that matter |
SOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING:
Active Theory |
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according to this view, most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system--an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles and skills -- that promotes life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated future
--> consistency help preserve physical and cognitive functioning, promotes self-esteem and mastery and affirms identity |
SOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING:
Continuity theory |
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addresses how people's social networks sustain continuity while also narrowing as they age. According to this theory, social interaction extends lifelong selection process.
--> older people selectively choose social relationships in order to maintain stability, happiness, and confidence through aging |
SOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING:
socioemotional selectivity theory |
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a long-term care option for the elderly that provides a variety of support services, including meals in a common dining room, along with watchful oversight of residents with physical and mental disabilities
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congregate housing
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offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care. For a large initial payment and additional montly fees, life care guarantees that elders' changing needs will be met in one place as they age
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lifecare communities
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most extreme restriction of autonomy with supervision
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nursing home
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an influential model of changes in our social networks as we move through life
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social convoy
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usually accompany older women
-- people who are NOT intimates but with whom they spend time occasionally, such as a group that meets for lunch, bridge, or museum tours |
secondary friends
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gains are maximized and losses minimized
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successful aging
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'struggle'; refers to gasps and muscle spasms during the first moments in which the body can no longer sustain life
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PHASES OF DEATH:
1. agonal |
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a short interval follows in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop but resuscitation is still possible
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PHASES OF DEATH:
2. clinical |
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the individual passes into permanent death
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PHASES OF DEATH:
3. mortality |
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1. agonal
2. clinical 3. mortality |
3 phases of death
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irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain stem -- used in America to define death
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brain death
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the cerebral cortex no longer registered electrical activity but the brain stem remained active
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persistent vegetative state
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development of death concept
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1. permanence
2. inevitability 3. cessation 4. applicability 5. causation |
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fear and apprehension of death - lowest in late adulthood
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death anxiety
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the believe that one will continue to live on through one's children or through one's work or personal influence
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symbolic immortality
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one that makes sense in terms of the individual's pattern of living and, at the same time, preserves or restore significant relationships and is as free of suffering as possible
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appropriate death
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a comprehensive program of suppor services for the termninally ill people and their families.
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hospice
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care that relieve pain and other symptoms of death (nausea, breathing difficulties, insomnia, and depression). Rather than prolonging life.
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palliative or comfort care
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the practice of ending the life of a person suffering from an incurable condition
--> GENERAL TERM |
Euthanasia
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life-sustaining treatment is withheld or withdrawn, PERMITTING A PERSON TO DIE NATURALLY
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passive euthanasia
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a written statement of desired medical treatment should they become incurably ill
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advance medical directive
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people specify the treatments they do or do not want in case of a terminal illness, coma, or other near-death situation
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living will
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authorizes appointment of another person to make health care decisions on one's behalf
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durable power of attorney
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a substitute decision maker, if a patient failed to provide an advance medical directive while competent
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health care proxy
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doctors or others act directly, at a patient's request, to end suffering before a natural end to life
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voluntary active euthanasia
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the experience of losing a loved one by death
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bereavement
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intense physicl and psychological distress
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grief
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the culturally specified expression of the bereaved person's thoughts and feelings.
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mourning
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coping -- oscillating back and forth between dealing with the emotional consequences of the situation and attending to changes
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dual process model of coping with loss
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acknowledging that the loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally for it
--> seen in prolonged dying when time is available to prepare for loss |
anticipatory grieving
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a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and benefit from other's support
--> seen often in gay and lesbian couples |
disenfranchised grief
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deposits of proteins that accumulation OUTSIDE and around the nerve cells
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plaques
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twisted fibers that build up INSIDE the nerve cell
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tangles
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STAGES OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
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1. preclinical: memory loss
2. mild to moderate: increased memory loss and confusion - problems recognizing people 3. severe AD: brain has really shrunk away, people are truly dependent on other people |
