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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is developmental psychology?
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the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan
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Where does conception occur?
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fallopian tubes
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What is conception?
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it involves an egg and sperm to form a zygote.
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How many chromosomes does a human have?
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46 chromosomes or 23 chromosome pairs
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What does nature versus nurture affect?
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personality
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What is a longitudial study?
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a same group of participants are studied on several occasions over an extended period of time to determain age changes on particular characteristics
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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groups of participants of different ages are studied at one point in time and compared on particular characteristics.
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What is the first stage (the first 14 days)?
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the germinal stage. its when conception and implantation occur.
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What is the second stage (or from the 3rd to the 8th week)?
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the embryonic stage. its when human body begins to form, all organs are present EXCEPT the sex organs.
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What is the third stage (or from the 9th week to birth)?
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the fetal stage
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What are teratogens?
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refers to any agent that causes a structural abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.
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What stage do teratogens mostly affect?
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the embryonic stage
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How does rubella affect the fetus?
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can be deadly to fetus; some abnormalities can include: deafness, cataracs, and heart disease
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How does HIV affect the fetus?
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can cross the placenta and enter the fetus bloodstream or the infant may contract the virus in the birth canal.
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How does syphilis affect the fetus?
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is most harmful during the 26 weeks of prenatal development and cause eye, ear, and brain defects.
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How does smoking affect the fetus?
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the nicotine in smoke constricts the blood vessels which reduces the blood flow to the placenta
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How does drinking affect the fetus?
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causing fetal alcohol syndrome
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How does marijuana and heroin affect the fetus?
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can cause miscarriages, premature labor, and early death
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What are the long term effects of smoking?
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causes learning and behavioral problems
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What are the long term effects of drinking?
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causes several physical and mental defects.
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How does diet influence prenatal development?
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importance is high. A poor diet can have a severe effect on the nervous system
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How does age influence prenatal development?
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mothers over 30 have an increase of miscarraige, high blood pressure, and death during pregnancy
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How does chronic illness influence prenatal development?
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long term severe depression and mood disorders can lead to slow fetal growth and premature labor
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What are some of the maternal emotions that cause problems in prenatal development?
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stress
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How does Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS) and Aminocentesis aid in fetal assessment and treatment?
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it identifies chrmosomal errors and genetic disorders prior to birth
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How does laboratory tesing aid in fetal assessment and treatment?
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by detecting alpha-fetoprotien in the mother's blood and urine
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How does fetoscopy aid in fetal assessment and treatment?
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makes it possible for doctors to surgically correct some types of defects before birth
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How does ultrasound aid in fetal assessment and development?
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it monitors the fetal growth, look for multiple fetuses, and abnormalities
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What is the most common way of having a baby in the US?
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a hospital
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What are other birth choices that are used today?
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a home or birthing center using a mid-wife
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What is the main reason mothers choose to give birth at their home of birthing center?
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to experience the childbirth process as naturally as possible
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What occurs in stage 1 during the physical process of birth?
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dilation and effacement; three phases occur duing this stage.
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What are the phases for stage 1 of the physcial process of birth?
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lantent phase (cm 1,2, and 3; hours, days, and weeks)
active phase (cm 4-8; close together, intense) transition phase (shortest phase, most painful; too late for drugs) |
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What occurs in stage 2 during the physical process of birth?
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actual delivery of the baby (through stretched cervix, down the birh canal, out the mother's body)
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What occurs in stage 3 during the physical process of birth?
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after birth
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What is used to acess the neonate?
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the agpar scale (numeric values of 0 = not present, 1 = okay, and 2 = good)
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What does the apgar scale consist of?
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evaluation of heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, response to stimulation of feet, and color.
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What are considered low birth weight babies?
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weight less than 5.5 pounds
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What are small-for-date babies?
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babies who are full term, but still weight less than 5.5 pounds
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What are some of the common characteristics for babies weighting less than 5.5 pounds?
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lower levels of responsiveness at birth and respiratory distress syndrome
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During infancy, what are some inborn, unlearned, automatic responses to cetain stimuli?
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reflexes (sucking, coughing)
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What is maturation during the infancy stage?
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each infant's own genetically determined, biological pattern of development.
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What is the status of sensory development during infancy?
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all are functional at birth.
vision (not good) hearing (good) taste (can distinguish, but prefer sweet) touch (very sensative) smell (good) |
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What is the infant's vision during this stage?
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vision is usually 20/600 "legally blind" will normalize by 6 months to 2 years
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What is temperment?
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refers to an individual's character's way of responding to the enviroment
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What are the characteristics for an easy temperment?
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have regular eating, sleeping, elimination cycles; adapt to change; good mood and smile often
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What are the characteristics for a difficult temperment?
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irregular eating, sleeping, elimination cycles; do NOT adapt; very moody; cry often
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What are the characteristics for a slow-to-warm up temperment?
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regular eating, sleeping, and elimination cycles; slow to adapt to change
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What is attachment?
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close bond that develps between the infant and the parent or caregiver
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Describe secure attachment.
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babies are willing to explore, but find their parents as a safe "home base"
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Describe insecure attachment.
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babies refused to leave parent's side to explore or they explore but don't care where their parents are
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What is reactive attachment disorder?
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occurs when the child has not formed an attachment by the age 2
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What is Harry Harlow's contact comfort?
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is the glue that binds the child and parent together.
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What is Piaget's theory during sensorimotor (birth to 2)?
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learn their surroundings through their senses; object permance develops (realization that something exists, even if NOT seen)
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What is Piaget's theory for preoperational (2 to 7)?
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uses symbols to solve simple problems; irreversability, conservation task, and egocentrism
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During the preoperational stage, what is irreversability?
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the inability to mentally reverse actions or ideas
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During the preoperational stage, what is conservation task?
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inability to solve conservation task; the understanding that matter can change appearance without changing in quanity
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During the preoperational stage, what is egocentrism?
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child's tendency to look at things from their perspective; cannot put themselves in someone's shoes
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What is Piaget's theory for concreate operations (7 to 11)?
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can perform logical mental operations; master conservation task; classification of objects
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What is Piaget's theory for formal operations (12 to adulthood)?
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can think about and solve abstact and hypothetical problems
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What impacts are in Vygotsky on cognitive development?
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impact of social factors on cognitive
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Under Vygotsky on cognitive develpment, what is private speech?
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speaking to self; found to be essential for kids to solve problems
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Under Vygotsky on cognitive develpment, what is scaffolding?
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a temporary support system
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Under Vygotsky on cognitive develpment, what is the zone of proximal development?
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the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem-solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance.
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What are the 4 stages of language development?
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cooing and babbling; one-word stage; two-word stage; telegraphic speech
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What is telegraphic speech?
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Usually occurs during age 2, child uses two words to express communication.
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According to Diana Baumrid, what is an authoritarian parenting style?
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high levels of demand and control; low levels of warmth and communication
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According to Diana Baumrid, what is a permissive parenting style?
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high levels of warmth and communication; low levels of demand and control
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According to Diana Baumrid, what is a authorative parenting style?
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high levels of warmth and communication; high levels of demand and control
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According to Maccoby and Miller, what is a neglecting parenting style?
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low levels of demand and control; low levels of warmth and communication
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Is socialization important for a child?
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yes. peers relationships becomes increasingly important as children move from early to middle childhood
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for preconventional stage?
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self interest. decisions based on fear and punishment; decisions are based on the idea that they will get something in return
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for conventional stage?
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social approval. decisions based on conforming to the standards of those we value; decisions based on conforming to the laws of society
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning for postconventional stage?
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abstract ideas. upholding the human rights of all individuals; striking a balance between human rights and the laws of society.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Trust vs Mistrust?
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birth to 1 year. they will learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents and caregivers.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Identity vs Role Confusion?
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adolescences. they must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity, develop of sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Intimacy vs Isolation?
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20 years to 40 years. must develop intimacy, the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, at what age does someone enter Ego integrity vs despair?
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late adulthood. they will review their lives, and if they are satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment, ego integrity will develop.
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What is adolescences?
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a transition period from childhood to adulthood.
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What are the average ages for girls to undergo puberty?
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7 years to 14 years
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What are the average ages for boys to undergo puberty?
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9 years to 16 years
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What are the age averages for both girls and boys to reach their growth spurt
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girls at age 16
boys at age 20 |
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Which gland is the most important during puberty?
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pituitary gland. it activates the release of hormones from other glands.
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What are the main hormones released from reproductive organs?
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Testes release testosterone
Ovaries release estrogen |
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What are the psychological effects when both boys and girls undergo early puberty?
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negative psychological effect
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What are the primary sex characteristics for both males and females?
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both are involved directly in reproduction.
males have testes and penis females have uterus and ovaries |
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What are the second sex characteristics for both males and females?
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indirect involvement in reproduction.
males have deep voice, facial/chest hair females have breast develop, hips round |
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What is the outlook for teen pregnancy in the U.S. compared to other developed countries?
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within the US, teen pregnancy has declined. comparing the U.S. to other developed countries, it remains high.
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What percentage of abortions occur for teens under the age of 16?
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85%
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What are some facts about adolescent and sexual behavior?
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boys are more sexually active
58% claim to use condoms ignorant about STDs |
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What is the difference between bacterial vs viral STDs?
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bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics vs viral STDs are incurable
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Which two bacterial STDs causes infertility in females?
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chlamydia and gonorrhea
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What occurs during the primary stage of syphillis ("the great imitator")?
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single sore (chancre) is visible
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What occurs during the secondary stage of syphilis ("the great imitator")?
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multiple skin rash and mucous lesions are visible
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What occurs during the late stage of syphilis (the great imitator")?
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no visible symptoms, but serious damage will occur to body organs if left untreated.
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What age range do teens start substance abuse?
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12 years to 13 years
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What is the ratio for teens diagnosed with depression?
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4 out 100
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How long does it take for someone to be diagnosed with clinical depression?
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6 months
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What are three leading causes of death for teenagers?
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1. accidents
2. homocide 3. suicide |
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Define identity.
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the understanding of one's own unique characteristics
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What is Marcia's theory to reach achieve identity?
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undergoing crisis and commitment
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According to Marcia's theory, what occurs during Identity Achievement?
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undergoing crisis and reached a commitment successfully.
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According to Marcia's theory, what occurs during Moratorium?
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re-evaluation of choices and has not made any commitment.
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According to Marcia's theory, what occurs during Foreclosure?
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no evaluation of the individual's choices, instead, has committed to parental or social view.
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