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9 Cards in this Set
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According to Mathers and Locar smoking annually causes the deaths of approximately 5 million people around the world and by the end of 2015 it is estimated that smoking would have killed 50% more people than HIV related illnesses.
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The transtheorectical model is a health model created by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982. They believed that to a change a person’s behaviour such as for someone to stop smoking. That person would go through 5 stages, with individuals needing special applications of these stages to be successful. These stages are precompletion, completion, preparation, action and maintenance.
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Redding et al 2000 and velicer et al 1990 stated that the TTM consists of four constructs. Stage of Change explains individual’s thoughts and behaviours regarding changing behaviours, Processes of Change explains what methods are used by the individual while changing behaviors, Self-Efficacy explains the self-confidence of the individual regarding how long she/he will bear against the desire of smoking, and Decisional Balance explains pros and cons of changing to the target behavior
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For this model to work it is essential for a health care professional to identify stage smoker, in order to establish an appropriate intervention strategy to help them quit. Failure to do so have said to cause a resistance to that behavioural change (Cingözbay et al., 2011).
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People in the pre-comtemplation stage have no desire or plans to attempt to quit smoking. A health care professional must deliver to a smoker a firm anti-smoking message accompanied by a discussion of the risks associated with smoking, benefits of quitting as well as a discussion on personal reasons for continuing to smoke . |
Using motivation intervening Erol and Ergodan 2008 found that 55% of the 60 people made a positive movement from pre-contemplation to contemplation to a higher stage after 6 months and 33% of people reached maintenance. |
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Contemplation is the stage where smokers are seriously thinking of making a change in their behaviour to quit but have not yet made the commitment to take action. Prochaska et al 1992. |
It has been suggested by Smith, Donnell and Johnston (2001) that contemplation of a nicotine dependency test such as the fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence allows both the smoker and a health care professional to analyse present smoking behaviour and the smokers motivation to change that behaviour. Contemplators are thinking of quitting smoking in the next 6 months. |
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Diclemente stated that on the Preparation stage individuals are preparing to take action within the next month. Individuals will be preparing for small behavioural changes such as smoking 5 cigarettes less or waiting 30 minutes longer than pre-contemplators and contemplators. |
Smith et al 2001 said that essential points to concentrate on in this stage is discussing the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and strategies on how to overcome nicotine withdrawal, options for pharmalogical interventions and personal concerns about quitting smoking. |
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Action- In this stage the individual attempts to quit by implementing the cessation plan from the preparation stage (smith et al 2001). Individuals are classified as in the action stage if they have successfully altered the addictive behaviour over a period from one to 6 months prochaska 1992. |
Cook et al 1995 believed that It’s important that within first 2-6 weeks individuals try to eliminate and avoid environmental smoking cues. Individuals should try and use distraction activities to try make smoking difficult. For example exercising, gardening, washing the car as well as keeping hands busy such as writing or even knitting (glynn and manely 1995). |
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Maintenance-people in this stage would have completely stop smoking any type of cigarette for more than least 6 months and are intending to stay in this stage. fava 1995 found that even though the temptation of smoking decreases gradually it may take up to 3-5 years before the addiction has fully disappeared . Also according to sach 1990, Follow up appointments are essential in this stage as they decrease the chance of relapse and increase abstinence rates. |
finally smith et al 2001 stated during the visits progress can be evaluated, the decision to quit smoking can be reinforced and encouragement to remain abstinent can be provided.
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