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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
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Free Association
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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
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Unconscious
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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
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id
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Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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ego
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The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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superego
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The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Pyschosexual stages
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The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
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Oedipus Complex
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according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Identification
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The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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Fixation
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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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Defense Mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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-In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
-Inhibition that opposes activation |
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Regression
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Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile pyschosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction Formation
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
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Projection
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
-The thief thinks everyone else is a thief -blame what I don't like about me on others |
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Rationalization
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Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
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Displacement
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-Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
-Want A or want to do A, but don't allow yourself to do it (or acknowledge that you want it) -You express energy through B |
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Projective Test
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A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorschach inkblot test
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The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Collective Unconscious
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from out species' history
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Self-Actualization
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According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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Self-Concept
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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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Trait
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A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Personality Inventory
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A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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Empirically Derived Test
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A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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Views behavior as influenced by the interactions between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
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Reciprocal Determinism
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The interacting influenes between personality and environmental factors
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Personal Control
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Our sense of controlling out environment rather than feeling helpless
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External Locus of Control
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The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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Internal Locus of Control
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The perception that one controls one's own fate
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Learned Helplessness
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The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Positive Psychology
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The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Spotlight Effect
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Overestimating others' noticing and evaluationg our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
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Self-Esteem
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One's feelings of high or low self-worth
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Self-Serving Bias
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A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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Individualism
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Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Collectivism
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Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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Terror Management Theory
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Proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
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Psychological Disorder
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A "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable
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Medical Model
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The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
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Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
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A contemporaty perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
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DSM-IV
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The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
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Neurotic Disorder
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A psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
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Psychotic Disorder
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A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
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Anxiety Disorders
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Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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Panic Disorder
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An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
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Phobia
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An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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Dissociative Disorders
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Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separtated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (Multiple Personality Disorder)
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Personality Disorders
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Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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Mood Disorders
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Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Manic Episode
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A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimisitc state
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and leathargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
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Schizophrenia
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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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Delusions
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False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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Psychotherapy
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An emotionally charged, confined interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
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Eclectic Approach
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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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Psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
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Resistance
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In psychanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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Interpretation
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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
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Transference
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In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
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Client-Centered Therapy
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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
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Active Listening
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Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy
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Behavior Therapy
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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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Counterconditioning
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A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Included systematc desensitization and aversive conditioning
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Exposure Therapies
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Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
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Systematic Desensitization
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A type of counterconditioning that associates a pelasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Used to treat phobias
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Aversive Conditioning
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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
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Token Economy
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An operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
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Cognitive Therapy
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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
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A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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Family Therapy
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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
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Psychotherapy
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An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
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Meta-Analysis
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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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Psychopharmacology
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The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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Lithium
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A chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
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Psychosurgery
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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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Lobotomy
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A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
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Semantic Memory
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General knowlege about the world
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Nodes
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One part of semantic memory-concepts, e.g. "canary"
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Relations
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One part of semantic memory-associations with labels, directional, e.g. "is a," "has"
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Collins and Quillian (1966)
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-Artificial Intelligence
-Hierarchical categorical model -"Cognitive economy": store attributes only at the most asbstract level possible. E.g. "can fly" stored not with every bird but only at the node "Bird." |
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Semantic Memory: access
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-assume you retrieve one relation at a time
-Each retrieval takes a certain amount of time 1.A canary is yellow. Vs. A canary can fly 2.A canary is a bird. Vs. A canary is an animal. |
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Activation of Semantic Memory
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-Can spread
-Catagories that are "lit up" in your brain |
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Spreading Activiation Theory
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-Collins and Loftus
-Essentially Freud's model |
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Sehnsucht
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A longing for something indefinable and extraordinary. The hero in continuous unrest, roaming around aimlessly, leading an erratic life that brings him to the brink of collapse.
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Arthur Schopenhauer
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1788-1860
-"The world as will and representation" -Man is an irrational being guided by internal forces, which are unknown to him and which he is scarcely aware. -Two irrational fears consist of two instincts: the instinct of conservation and the sexual instinct |
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Nietzche
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-Thus Spake Zarathustra
-will to power -radical nihilism -eternal recurrence -Life=Pain, suffering, contradictions -Core Myths-truest true that can be |
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Nietzche pt. 2
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-always looking away
-belief you can have better life -Man lies to himself better than he does to others -"God is Dead" -"Whatever does not kill you makes you stronger" |
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Anton Mesmer 1734-1815
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-mesmerizing
-animal magnitism -spritual scientology -spirit photography -ability to manifest ectoplasm |
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Madame Blavatsky
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Theospohic estocerism begins with her
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Charcot
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-created asylum movement as place of refuge
-hysteria, is a syndrome -grand rounds |
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Hemianesthesia
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type of hysteria-can't feel
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Hemiplegiea
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Symptom of hysteria-Can't move
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Hysteria
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-Sensory loss
-Fails to correspond to any organic distribution, either perpheral nerve, nerve root, or segmental -isolated patches, hemisensory loss, or approximate nerve trunks -hysteric does not hurt oneself in those places |
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Hysteria pt. 2
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-Greek-uterus
-exclusive to women -when unsatisfied w/ bodie's desire to have children the womb wandered through it like a restless animal -first treatments were pregnancy -other treatments were aromatic substances |
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Galen A.D. 129
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-Hysteria: failure to descend
-lack of sexual activity -treatment was marriage |
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Monoplegia
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-inability to move one limb
-men had it after WWI-arm they shot w/ -masturbation hand -don't look like organic paralysis patients |
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Hysterical Amnesia
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Memories can be recovered through hypnotism
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Hysterical Ambulatory Automatism
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-man doesn't realize he left austrailia-until he finds newspaper story of his absence
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Neurosis
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Anxiety
-Free floating anxiety -constantly stressed -can be induced by trauma |
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Pyschosis
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-hallucinations-hear voices/see things
-have delusions -fundamental break with reality |
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Dreams
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-Place to process stuff that occurs during the day
-Allow us to think about things we could never think about while awake -Disturbing things, distressing things -Integrate/Interweave thoughts of the day-takes time -some things can only be experienced symbolically -Manifest content vs. latent content |
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Development Stages-Oral
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-very young child is oral-great pleasure from mouthing things, e.g. the nipple
-Oral is first of Freud's stages -May move on, may become fixated -Chew gum, suck down soft drinks, smoke |
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Development Stages-Anal
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-Pleasure in producing poop-pleasure in result, the product, create something of your own
-Huge negative reaction from parents -Result-big issues w/ control -May get fixated and so later in life be very concerned w/ neatness, control, preciseness -"anal retentive" |
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Karen Horney
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-Primairy drive is not for sex/agression, but for security
-penis isn't that important -neurosis=disparity between our real self and our ideal self |
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Alfred Adler
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-main drive is to fulfill, acheive our goals and purposes
-goal is to master environment (physical and social) -Inferiority Complex |
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The One Story
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-Young man going about his ordinary life
-One day...a knock at the door -Dies or almost dies -Hero can never return, world they were in died |
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Psychopath
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-Continually does bad things without guilt
-learn exterior cues-successfull |
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Schizophrenia
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-Fragility+Environmental conditions
-1 in a 100 get it -Schiz=split -Loss of Schemas-the vital structures that bring together facts, items to be remembered, events to be understood -Too much dopamine, poorly distributed -Smaller fronal Cortex, large ventricles |
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3 Big Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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-Hallucinations
-Disorganized thought/speech-Word Salad -Delusions |
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Types of Schizophrenia
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1.Disorganized
2.Catatonic 3.Paranoid 4.Undifferentiated (not 1-3) |
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DSM-IV
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Two big disorders:
-Schizophrenia -Depression Three lesser disorders: -Anxiety Disorders -Mood Disorders -Personality Disorders |
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Chronic Schizophrenia
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Come into the world showing signs of schizophrenia and become worse as you get older
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Acute Schizophrenia
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Something happens to someone and they become schizophrenic, ex: men after Vietnam
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Catatonia
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-Found only in institutions
-Waxy flexibility |
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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-Come into world with fragile predisposition
-Precipitating events/stressful events |
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9 Symptoms of Depression
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1.Mood is depressed most of the day
2.Interest or pleasure is missing, for most activites 3.Appetite or weight goes way up or way down 4.Sleeping patterns change, become way too much or little 5.Psychomotor agitation or retardation. Jumpy or sluggish. 6.Energy very low 7.Worthless or guilty feelings 8.Thinking, concentrating, making decisions becomes difficult 9.Death thoughts, including suicide thoughts |
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SSRI
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Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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OCEAN
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-Openness
-Conscientiousness -Extraversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism-how much of life is spent fretting |
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Schopenhauer's Earth Metaphor
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-Perfect outer surface w/ squirmy molten lava inside
-Connected-outer surface will crack and be imperfect -If outer surface stays perfect outer and inner is disconnected -Man is sexual instinct incarnate (but we pretend not) |
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Catharis
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-Greek-"cleansing"
-buried root that she won't admit, if you get her to admit it, the problem will go away |
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Dissociation
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Unwillingness to integrate a traumatic event into your understanding of the world
-Because symptoms can't be expressed directly they come out in vaguely related symptoms |
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Metaphor 1: Ice Berg
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-Most of us are under the water
-We have conscious self but much larger unconscious self -We cannot be thinking of everything at once -There are many things we do not want to think about right now -Some things we cannot bring ourselves to think about |
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Metaphor 2: Ice Berg
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-You experience impulses
-You experience inhibitors-thoughts as well as actions -You must somehow mediate -ice berg w/ id, ego, superego |
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Id
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The little "it" inside you
-Don't experience as "me" |
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Superego
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Father telling you to be good, Mother doesn't approve
-Don't usually experience as "me" |
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Ego
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-Mediation
-You |
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Libido
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-A river of energy running through you (psychic energy)
-Specifically:river of sexual energy; sexual drive |
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Sublimation
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-ie expressing emotions through art
-emotional energy is expressed through artwork |
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Reaction Formation
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-I feel gay, it disgusts me, so I become an anti-gay activist
-I have a subconscious desire and in my consciouos mind and life I work against that very desire in others -Not hiposcrisy |
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Preconscious
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Lurking at the edge of the conscious
-Expressed through creativity |
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Manifest Content
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A gun in a dream-literal image of dream that represents something else
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Latent Content
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A gun in a dream represents a penis, which is the latent content-meaning behind symbollic image
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