Psychology Personality

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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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personality

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Creator of the "iceberg" theory

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Freud

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theory that most of the mind was unconsciously hidden

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iceberg theory

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theorist who believed that dreams were the royal road to the unconscious

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Freud

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Freud believed that human behavior was based on ___?

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instinct

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father of psychodynamic theories

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Freud

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dream manifest content

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remember content of dreams

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dream latent content

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dreamers unconscious wishes

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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing

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free association

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Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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psychoanalysis

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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemproary psychologists, information procesing of which we are unaware

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unconscious

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information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness

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preconscious

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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate attention

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Id

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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, supergo, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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ego

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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations

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superego

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the _____ theory says that personality is the product of unconscious processes

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psychodynamic

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the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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psychosexual stages

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psychosexual stages (OAPLG)

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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Oedipus complex

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a girl's sexual desires towards her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

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Electra complex

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the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

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identification

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according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

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fixation

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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

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projective test

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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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thematic apperception test (TAT)

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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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Rorschach inkblot test

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pioneering psychoanalysts that followed Freud's theory that accepted the ideas of the id, ego, and supergo; however, they placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind

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neo-freudians

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the theorist that says much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority; "inferiority complex"

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Alfred Adler

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the theorist that says childhood anxiety, caused by dependent child's sense of helplessness, triggers, our desire for love and sexurity

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Karen Horney

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this theorist attempted to balance the bias she detected in the masculine view of psychology

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Karen Horney

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the big five personality factors

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emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness

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theorist that attributed differences in children's shyness and inhibition to their autonomic nervous system reactivity

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Jerome Kagan

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questionnaires on which pepole respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

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personality inventories

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builds on the observation that each of us are in some ways like no one else, and in other ways just like everyone; that some things are true of us all enables the seer to offer statements that seem impressively accurate

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Stock Spiel

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acceptance of a generalized, "phony" fact

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Barnum Effect

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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screeing purposes

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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

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creater of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

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starke hathaway

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a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

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empirically derived test

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drawbacks to objective tests

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they rely on self-reports, and familiarity with other tests; it is easy to manipulate answers to achieve a desired outcome

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personality inventories; usually writeen and scored according to a standard procedure, usually yes or no questions

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objective test

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this tests uses true or false or cannot say; checks for consistency (lie scale); useful in diagnosing psychiatric disorders

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MMPI (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)

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these tests have unlimited number of responses to ambiguous stimuli

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projective tests

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advantages to projective tests

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less stressful; true purpose of test not known; uncovers unconscious thoughts and fantasies

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disadvantages to projective tests

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highly interpreted; need a skilled examiner to intrepret; low reliability

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theory created by Carl Jung, a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences

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collective unconscious

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high stress = enhanced memory = ______?

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greater memory of negative events

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thinking about one's mortality provokes enough anxiety to intensify prejudices (created by Greenberg, Solomon, and Pyszcynski)

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terror-management theory

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the tendency for people to project their way of thinking onto other people

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false consensus effect

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attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions to others

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projection

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using the unconscious to banish anxious thoughts, feelings, and memories

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denial

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dismissing our threatening impulses by "forgetting them"

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repression

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incorporating your values and feelings with another

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identification

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retreating to more infantile psychosexual stages

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regression

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avoiding emotional stress by seeking to enhance mental understanding

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intellectualization

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ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to their opposites; people express feelings opposite of anxious feelings

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reaction formation

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shifting sexual/aggressive impulses toward more acceptable object of person

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displacement

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rechanneling impulses into socially approved activities

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sublimation