Psychology Of Personality - Exam Ii

Front 1

psychoanalytic ego psychology

Back 1

- includes the ego's capacity to cope proactively with the physical and interpersonal environment
- significant maladjustment in persons who have not met the developmental challenges of dealing with the world outside of the self
- took people off the couch & faced the therapist

Front 2

metapsychological

Back 2

a descriptive term indicating the integration of findings into a coherent picture of the person's structural, adaptive, genetic, economic, & dynamic functioning
- SAGED

Front 3

dynamic meaning of a psychological event

Back 3

refers to the conflictual nature of the competing drive energies as the ego attempts to provide satisfaction for the id

Front 4

genetic viewpoint

Back 4

refers to the multiple developmental experiences in the course of a person's life history that converge to produce a particular symptom, meaning, or defense

Front 5

economic

Back 5

meant to indicate the degree of drive intensity and changes in quantity of instinctual energy over time

Front 6

structural (or topographical) viewpoint

Back 6

seeks to understand the interactions among the various structures or agencies of the mind as the ego, id and superego perform their tasks

Front 7

Bulldogs Bank children

Back 7

the collective name given to 6 children who were surviviors of a Nazi concentration camp; Anna Freud cared for them in a house called Bulldogs Bank; she learned much about the resiliency of the personality from them

Front 8

developmental lines

Back 8

reliable sequences of development during which children outgrow dependence on external controls and gain in ego mastery of internal and external reality; Anna Freud listed 6 separate developmental lines

Front 9

Six Developmental Lines

Back 9

1. From dependency to emotional self-reliance
2. From suckling to rational eating
3. From wetting and soiling to bowel and bladder control
4. Irresponsibility to responsibility in body management
5. From body to toy and play to work
6. From egocentricity to companionship

Front 10

ego mastery

Back 10

the ego's ability effectively to deal with both internal drives and external reality; ego mastery involves the individual's growing awareness of inner and outer demands

Front 11

Narcissistic Defenses

Back 11

- used by children & psychotics
- Projection
- Denial
- Distortion

Front 12

Immature Defenses

Back 12

- used by adolescents (also seen in depression & OCD)
- Acting Out
- Blocking
- Hypochondriasis
- Introjection (defensive & developmental)
- Passive-Aggressive Behavior
- Projection
- Regression
- Schizoid Fantasy
- Somatization
- Turning Against the Self

Front 13

Neurotic Defenses

Back 13

seen in adults under stress (also OCD and hysterics)
- Controlling
- Displacement
- Dissociation
- Inhibition
- Intellectualization
- Isolation
- Rationalization
- Reaction Formation
- Repression
- Sexualization
- Undoing

Front 14

Mature Defenses

Back 14

normal adult adaptive mechanism
- Altruism
- Anticipation
- Aesceticism
- Humor
- Sublimination
- Suppression

Front 15

Projection
(Narcissistic Defense)
[Displacement Outward]

Back 15

- perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses as though they were outside of the self (e.g. paranoia: delusions about external reality) * there is also an Immature type which less severe

Front 16

Denial
(Narcissistic Defense)
[Motivated Negation]

Back 16

- seeing but refusing to acknowledge what one sees or hears; negating what is actually heard (closely related to sensory experience); not all denial is ‘psychotic’ (e.g. adaptive in trauma survivors - denying they were abused); the neurotic avoids becoming aware of some painful aspect of reality whereas the psychotic denies reality and replaces it with a fantasy or delusion

Front 17

Distortion
(Narcissistic Defense)

Back 17

- grossly reshaping external reality to suit inner needs, beliefs, wish-fulfilling delusions, hallucinations; namely employing sustained feelings of delusional superiority/entitlement

Front 18

Acting Out
(Immature Defense)

Back 18

- gratify an impulse; namely impulsive behavior more than the prohibition against it
- on a chronic level, acting out involves giving in to impulses to avoid the tension that would result from postponement of expression (e.g. sexual acting out in sexual abuse victim, gives some sense of mastery yet also has a negative downside - may temporarily feel good but long-term, can increase regret/negative feelings)

Front 19

Blocking
(Immature Defense)

Back 19

- inhibition, usually temporary in nature (of feelings)
- also could be thinking and impulses (similar to repression but there is tension arising from inhibition - e.g. “why can’t I remember that?” with agitation as an accompanying affect)

Front 20

Hypochondriasis
(Immature Defense)

Back 20

- transformation of anger/hatred (reproach) towards others (arising from loss, loneliness, or unacceptable aggressive impulses) into self- reproach and complaints of pain, somatic illness without physical origin (I.e. if physical problems exist, reported symptoms are exacerbated)
- purpose: responsibility may be avoided, guilt may be circumvented, instinctual impulses may be warded off

Front 21

Introjection - Developmental Function
(Immature Defense)
[Taking Within]

Back 21

taking in objects (psychologically and
physically - e.g. oral stage)

Front 22

Passive-Aggressive Behavior
(Immature Defense)

Back 22

- aggression toward an object expressed indirectly and ineffectively through passivity, masochism, and turning against the self (I.e. if someone is mad, passive-aggressive behavior makes them madder at you)

Front 23

Projection
(Immature Defense)
[Displacement Outward]

Back 23

- attributing one’s own unacknowledged feelings onto others (e.g. cheating spouse is suspicious of their partner who is not cheating) & (e.g. rejection of intimacy through suspiciousness, hyper vigilance to external danger, injustice collecting); projection operates in relation to one’s introjects (material of projection is derived from internalized configuration of the introjects); at higher levels of functioning, projection may take the form of misinterpreting motives, attitudes, feelings, or intentions of others
*recall that there is a more severe form & that there is another primitive form known as “projective identification”

Front 24

Regression
(Immature Defense)
[Developmental Retreat]

Back 24

- return to previous stage of development or functioning to avoid the anxieties involved in later stages (reflects basic tendency to achieve some gratification, namely regressed behavior when later, more differentiated modes fail)

Front 25

Schizoid Fantasy
(Immature Defense)

Back 25

- tendency to use fantasy and to indulge in autistic retreat for purposes of conflict resolution and gratification (I.e if someone significant is mad so you withdraw and pretend not to hear and think negative thoughts in your head about the other person)

Front 26

Somatization
(Immature Defense)

Back 26

- conversion of psychic conflict into bodily symptoms (e.g. getting ‘sick’ to avoid something that is psychologically difficult to handle)

Front 27

Turning Against the Self
(Immature Defense)
[Self-as-Object or Target]

Back 27

- changing an unacceptable impulse that is aimed at others by redirecting it against oneself (e.g. teenagers in conflict esp. boys who may hit themselves instead of acting out)

Front 28

Controlling
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 28

- excessive attempt to manage or regulate events/objects in the environment in the interest of minimizing anxiety and solving internal conflicts

Front 29

Displacement
(Neurotic Defense)
[Redirection of Impulse]

Back 29

- purposeful, unconscious shifting from one object to another in the interest of solving a conflict (e.g. yell at your spouse when you are really angry at your boss)

Front 30

Dissociation
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 30

- temporary but drastic modification of character or sense of personal identity to avoid emotional distress (e.g. fugue states; dissociative states in trauma)

Front 31

Inhibition
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 31

- unconsciously determined limitation to avoid anxiety arising out of conflict with instinctual impulses, superego, or environmental forces

Front 32

Intellectualization
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 32

- control of affects and impulses by way of thinking about them instead of experiencing them (systematic excess of thinking, deprived of its affect, to defend against anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses)

Front 33

Isolation
(Neurotic Defense)
[Stripping of Emotion, Meaning]

Back 33

- intrapsychic splitting or separation of affect from content resulting in repression of either idea or affect or displacement of affect to different/substitute content

Front 34

Rationalization
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 34

- justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that might otherwise be unacceptable

Front 35

Reaction Formation
(Neurotic Defense)
[Believing the Opposite]

Back 35

- (anticathexis) - management of unacceptable impulses by permitting expression of the impulse in its opposite form; expression of the impulse in the ‘photographic negative’ (e.g. someone who is super nice to someone they dislike intensely)

Front 36

Repression
(Neurotic Defense)
[Motivated Forgetting]

Back 36

- expelling and withholding from conscious, awareness of an idea or feeling:
- (a) primary repression - curb ideas and feelings before they reach conscious
- (b) secondary conscious - exclude from awareness what was once experienced on a conscious level

Front 37

Sexualization
(Neurotic Defense)

Back 37

- endowing of an object or a function with sexual significance - to ward off anxieties connected with prohibitive impulses (of engaging in real sexual behavior); (e.g. paraphilias such as fetishism, masochism/sadism, etc)

Front 38

Undoing
(Neurotic Defense)
[Magical Cancellations]

Back 38

- symbolically acting out in reverse, something unacceptable that has already been done (see this in ritualized behaviors); a form of ‘magical’ expiatory /ending action

Front 39

Altruism
(Mature Defense)

Back 39

- vicarious but constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others

Front 40

Anticipation
(Mature Defense)

Back 40

- realistic anticipation of or planning for future inner discomfort; implies overly concerned planning. Worrying, and anticipation of dire and dreadful possible outcomes

Front 41

Aesceticism
(Mature Defense)
[Renunciation of Needs]

Back 41

- elimination of directly pleasurable affect(s) attributable to an experience; gratification is derived from the renunciation or ‘giving up’ of the desired object (e.g. ‘good clergy’); ‘moral’ element is implicit in setting values on specific pleasures (which are perceived consciously)

Front 42

Humor
(Mature Defense)

Back 42

- overt expression of feelings without personal discomfort or immobilization and without unpleasant effect on others; humor allows one to bear, and yet focus on, what is too terrible to be borne; in contrast to wit - which always involves distraction or displacement away from the affective issue

Front 43

Sublimination
(Mature Defense)
[Acceptable Substitutes]

Back 43

- gratification of an impulse whose goal is retained but whose aim or object is changed from a socially objectionable one to a socially valued one (e.g. sublimation of aggressive impulse through pleasurable games or sports) - allows re-channeling; feelings are acknowledged, modified, and directed toward a relatively significant person or goal so that modest instinctual satisfaction results

Front 44

Suppression
(Mature Defense)

Back 44

- conscious or semi-conscious decision to postpone attention to a conscious impulse or conflict

Front 45

Altruistic Surrender
[Sacrifice Self]

Back 45

fulfill others’ needs to the detriment of the self- extreme example would be a soldier throwing him/herself on a grenade to save others

Front 46

Reversal
[Active into Passive]

Back 46

- reversal transforms an impulse from an active to a passive mode; similar to reaction-formation & turning-against-self; ex: sadistic impulses may become masochistic, with the self as passive target of aggression and sexual impulses

Front 47

Identification-with-the-Aggressor
[Adopting Feared Traits]

Back 47

- adopting the traits or mannerisms of a feared person or object; ex: a little girls who was afraid to walk down the dark hallway of her house for fear of meeting a ghost solved the problem by "booing" her way down the hall: "You just have to pretend that you're the ghost who might meet you."

Front 48

object relations

Back 48

- in Freud's theories objects were considered aims of id drives; later theorists defined object relations as the person's actual relationships with and subjective views of "objects" (mostly people) beyond the subjective world of the self

Hint 48

theory / theories

Front 49

Normal Autism
(S-I Forerunner 1)

Back 49

a. strong stimulus barrier
b. absolute primary narcissism
c. conditional hallucinatory omnipotence
* achievement: homeostatic balance of physiological mechanisms

Hint 49

(first month)

Front 50

Normal Symbiosis
(S-I Forerunner 2)

Back 50

a. dim recognition of mother as object
b. good (pleasure) and bad (pain) distinguished
c. no real separation of self from mother
* achievement: formation of inner core of self established through mother's handling of infant's needs

Hint 50

(2 to 4 months)

Front 51

Differentiation and Development of Body Image
(1. S-I Subphase)

Back 51

a. hatching process of tentative differentiation of self from mother
b. checking back to mother pattern
c. stranger anxiety
* achievement: movement toward active and separate functioning

Hint 51

(5 to 9 months)

Front 52

Practicing
(2. S-I Subphase)

Back 52

a. interest in early phase in inanimate objects supplied by mother
b. expanded locomotor capacity
c. low-keyed behavior when mother is absent; imaging mother
* achievement: building fear resistance to separation from mother and increased exploration of world

Hint 52

(10 to 14 months)

Front 53

Rapprochement
(3. S-I Subphase)

Back 53

a. increased awareness of separateness from mother
b. shadowing of mother
c. darting-away games
d. rapprochement crisis, "losing" mother, and conflict between urge to separate ad fear of loss
e. splitting mechanism of defense
* achievement: ego eventually integrates good and bad images; beginning of gender identity

Hint 53

(14 to 24 months)

Front 54

Consolidation of Individuality
(4. S-I Subphase)

Back 54

a. verbal form of communication dominant
b. time concepts
c. emotional-object constancy
* achievement: formation of a stable self-concept, a notion of "me" separate from love object

Hint 54

(2 to 3 years)

Front 55

Separation-Individuation

Back 55

- process required for normal ego functioning; begins optimally around the fourth month and climaxes at or near the end of the third year of life

Hint 55

process

Front 56

object

Back 56

- a technical word that refers simply to that which will satisfy a need

Hint 56

first coined by Sigmund Freud

Front 57

representation

Back 57

- refers to how the person has or possesses and object; how the person physically represents the object

Front 58

Heinz Hartman

Back 58

- ido-ego matrix
- for humans to fully attain potential, you must look at maturation
- emphasized importance of social factors in development; children are not just creatures of drives → we are born with inborn-apparatus (apparati)

Front 59

Ego Psychology vs. Psychoanalysis

Back 59

- Freud: intra-psychic conflict is essential
- id is innate → 6 mos. later ego develops from id; metaphor: ego is rider, id is horse → ego steals energy from the id & uses to conflict against it
- Hartman: states that ego cannot steal energy from the id → metaphor: would be like buying father’s day gift with dad’s own money; ego MUST have its own energy

Front 60

phylogenic/inborn-apparatus

Back 60

- inborn; innate
- ex: blinking, sneezing

Front 61

ego apparatuses of primary autonomy

Back 61

- inborn tools for primary happiness

Front 62

eudaimonia

Back 62

- happiness at home; entitled sense of having a good life

Front 63

mental health

Back 63

- we’re well-adaptive b/c our productivity is undisturbed
- when this happens the ego is in charge

Front 64

goodness-of-fit

Back 64

- eventually you’ll realize child has his own temperament

Front 65

average expectable environment

Back 65

- mothers’ needs reflect child’s needs, behind the mother is the father, infant affects others and is affected back
- parents and kids reflect each other well
- needed for a child to develop primary happiness;

Front 66

four regulatory processes

Back 66

1. equilibrium b/t environment and individual
2. equilibrium of the instinctual drive
3. structural equilibrium
4. secondary happiness

Front 67

emotional object permanence

Back 67

– parent is leaving, you know that they will be back; can maintain good feelings toward caregiver even if they are treating you badly (precursor to superego formation)

Front 68

Heinz Kohut

Back 68

- took people off the couch & sat across from them

Front 69

guilty man vs. tragic man

Back 69

- metaphor that distinguished Freud from Kohut
- Freud: guilt - based on conflict theory
- Kohut: tragedy - based on deficits, losses, trauma

Front 70

self as a structure

Back 70

- id, ego, superego are within the self
- (idealized) parental imago
- idealized self (grandiose self)

Front 71

children need 3 valuable things from their parents:

Back 71

- empathy
- mirroring needs
- idealizing needs

Front 72

empathy

Back 72

- being able to see from another’s perspective

Front 73

mirroring needs

Back 73

- validate what another experiences; at least acknowledge that their experiences/perspectives are true/valid

Front 74

idealizing needs

Back 74

having someone to admire

Front 75

introjects

Back 75

- we internalize these experiences

Front 76

transmuting internalization

Back 76

- self-soothing: “that which doesn’t kill you, makes you stronger”
- when there are more positive than negative introjects

Front 77

autonomy

Back 77

self-suffiency existing within the context of an ongoing affiliative interaction

Front 78

mirroring transference

Back 78

- indicates that no one validated them as children
- ex: someone who does not think that a major step in their development is important to the therapist ("I didn't think that it would be important to you")

Front 79

idealizing transference

Back 79

- indicates that the person had no one to look up to in their childhood
- when they project this onto their therapist, it usually sounds something like, "I know that you're perfect and your life is perfect, but I live on this planet."

Front 80

the ordinary devoted mother

Back 80

- mother can emphatically put herself in the baby's place

Front 81

annihilation anxiety

Back 81

- parent fails to soothe them
- "This is the one that's going to kill me"

Front 82

5 Levels of False Self
(maladaptive --> adaptive)

Back 82

1. Mask
2. Caretaker
3. Defender
4. Imitator
5. Facilitator

Front 83

The Mask

Back 83

- Extreme Maladaptive Self
- true self covered; false self takes over everything

Front 84

The Caretaker

Back 84

- Moderately Maladaptive
- true self is dimly acknowledged
- minimal spontaneity
- false self protects and caretakes true self & regards true self as a potential
- may include serial killing

Front 85

The Defender

Back 85

- Minimally Adaptive
- false self protects true self against exploitation
- buying time till proper conditions for emergence of true self can be found
- if safe conditions can't be found, false self can follow true to death (suicidality/suicidal dilemma)

Front 86

The Imitator

Back 86

- Moderately Adaptive
- false self modeled on caring, productive, protecting people
- no real liveliness
- act as pieces of their favorite people

Front 87

The Facilitator

Back 87

- Healthy Adaptive
- false self is normally organized
- when you have to 'act right' (polite, etc), you can
- true self grows more complex over time
- can take difficulties in stride
- a sublimation rather than its defender

Front 88

false self

Back 88

socialized self

Front 89

transitional objects

Back 89

- things people use to establish a relationship with in order to remind them of good times
- child has the right over the object
- does NOT include imaginary friends (must be an object, not a hallucination)

Front 90

the holding environment

Back 90

- a mental and physical space within which the infant is protected without knowing he is protected

Front 91

personality integration

Back 91

- marked by several characteristics
- elevates cuddling to a primary means of communication b/t infant & mother

Hint 91

Winnicott Stage I

Front 92

personalization

Back 92

- process of taking ownership over one’s own body
- evolving person has a place to reside
- mother’s attention to physical care & cleanliness of child is important

Hint 92

Winnicott Stage II

Front 93

realization (pre-rapprochement)
[Winnicott Stage III]

Back 93

- external reality interferes with one’s needs

Front 94

Kohut's rejection of Freudian Conflict Theory

Back 94

- Kohut then developed his ideas around what he called the tripartite (three-part) self

Front 95

self psychology

Back 95

- placed a great deal of emphasis on the vicissitudes of relationships

Front 96

tripartite (three-part) self

Back 96

- can only develop when the needs of one's "self states," including one's sense of worth and well-being, are met in relationships with others

Front 97

narcissism

Back 97

- if a person is narcissistic, it will allow him to suppress feelings of low self-esteem by talking highly of himself, the person can eliminate his sense of worthlessness

Front 98

emphatic failure

Back 98

- the failure of one part of the system to understand the meaning and experience of another

Front 99

self objects

Back 99

refers to any narcissistic experience in which the other is in the service of the self

Front 100

self

Back 100

- the cognitive representation of one's identity

Front 101

2 poles of the self

Back 101

- two systems of narcissistic perfection:
- 1) a system of ambitions
- 2) a system of ideals
- represented natural progressions in the psychic life of infants and toddlers

Front 102

the grandiose self

Back 102

- the narcissistic self
- the pole of ambitions
- arrests in the grandiose self led to the preservation of a false, expansive sense of self that could manifest outwardly or remain hidden from view

Front 103

the idealized parental imago

Back 103

- the pole of ideals
- arrests in the pole of ideals occurred when the child suffered chronic and excessive disappointment over the failings of early idealized figures

Front 104

object constancy

Back 104

- phase when the child understands that the mother has a separate identity and is truly a separate individual

Front 105

hatching

Back 105

- gradual evolution of the sensorium, characterized by a new look of alertness, persistence, and goal directedness
- the child is observed pulling at his mother's hair and ears, feeding her, straining back for a better look at her, all in contrast to the earlier molding into mother when held

Front 106

three levels of happiness

Back 106

1 - never expected it & it happens
2 - pros/cons
3 - eudaimonia; living a good life

Front 107

Introjection
(defensive function)
(Immature Defense)

Back 107

(1) introjection of loved ones - internalization of characteristics of objects with goal of establishing closeness to and constant presence of the object; anxiety consequent to separation/tension from ambivalence is diminished (I.e. self-soothing function); internalize parents, friends, etc.
- (2) introjection of feared objects - avoid anxiety by internalizing aggressive characteristics of an object and thereby putting aggression under one’s control (e.g. identifying with the aggressor - thus subject’s weak and passive position is transformed into an active, strong one – “if you can’t beat em, join em”)

Front 108

external impingement

Back 108

- delay in getting what one wants → kid realizes somebody is giving him food