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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abraham Maslow |
-mother was schizophrenic -influenced by erich fromm, karen horney, alfred adler, john watson -fond of father but afraid of him |
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Human Motivation: A Hierarchical Approach |
Human beings are interested in growing rather than simply restoring balance or avoiding frustration“wanting animals” once one desire is satisfied another takes its place -Motivation/D-needs take precedence over metamotivation/B-needs |
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(D-needs: deficiency needs) |
Motivation refers to reducing tension by satisfying deficit states or lacks (belong and love, safety, psychological need) |
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(B-needs: being needs) |
Metamotivation refers to growth tendencies -Do not stem from lack or deficiency -They push forward to self-fulfillment (self-actualization, self-esteem) |
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The Study of Self-Actualized Persons |
Self-actualized persons fulfill their own needs and do the best that they are capable of doing |
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Peak Experience |
An intensification of any experience to the degree that there is a loss or transcendence of the self |
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Maslow's characteristics of self-actualizers |
-No one person was found to have all qualities -Self-actualizers have a higher level of functioning but they are not perfect |
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Awareness Characteristics |
- Efficient and accurate perception of reality - Continued freshness of appreciation w/o preconceptions -Tendency to have peak experiences -Clear ethical awareness and standards but not necessarily conventional ones |
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Honesty Characteristics |
Philosophical sense of humor that pokes fun at human pretensions - Deep feeling of kinship - Selective and deep interpersonal relations with small circle of intimates -Democratic character structure accepting of all people |
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Freedom Characteristics |
-Detachment and a need for privacy - Autonomous and independent of culture and environment -Creativeness characterizing whatever they do Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness |
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Trust Characteristics |
- Problem- rather than self- centered -Acceptance of self, others, and nature for what they are - Resistance to cultural conformity |
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Philosophy, Science, and Art: Maslow’s Theory |
-Believed it is misleading to think of science as value-free -His work underscores the fact that scientific procedures may not permit research into important human questions -Critics also say that his theory is based on American individualism |
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Carl Rogers |
-Worked to reconcile psychiatry and psychology as two professions with a common goal -Also worked to bring together groups from conflicting political views -Faced opposition to psychologists performing psychotherapy |
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Phenomenology (theory of personality) |
-the study of human awareness and perceptions -It is not the object or event that is important but how it is perceived and understood by the individual |
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Phenomenology Cont. |
-Each individual exists at the center of a phenomenal field (the total sum of experiences an organism has) -Actualizing tendency is a universal life force-Self-concept is portion of phenomenal field that gradually become differentiated |
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Congruence and Incongruence |
-Congruence exists when a person’s symbolized experiences reflect actual experiences (It is important for an individual’s real self and perceived self to be congruent) -Incongruence exists when a person’s symbolized experiences do not reflect all their actual experiences; there is denial or distortion in the symbolization (similar to Horney’s description of real self and ideal self) |
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Development of Personality |
-Need for positive regard by others -Unconditional positive regard -Conditional positive regard -Positive self regard follows the experience of unconditional positive regard -Key tenant of person centered therapy -Positive development leads to a fully-functioning person -5 criteria for being a fully-functioning person |
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The Fully Functioning Person |
1) openness to experience: aware of all experiences without a need to deny or distort them 2) existential living: able to live in the moment without preconceived structures 3) organismic trust: trust in their own experience 4) experiential freedom: free-choice agents 5) creativity |
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Psychotherapy ( person- centered ) |
-Formerly referred to as client-centered or nondirective-therapy -Conditions for therapeutic change -Necessary attitudes of therapist: empathy, acceptance, genuineness -Responses to emotional communications-Supportive versus reconstructive psychotherapy -The opposite of Carl Rogers & Person-centered therapy |
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Response to Emotional Communications (Evaluative) |
-Places a value judgment on the person's thoughts, feelings, wishes, or behavior Ex: You must not feel that way. Worrying never helped any situation. |
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Response to Emotional Communications (Interpretative) |
-Identifies the real problem or underlying feelings. Ex: thats because you feel guilty because you smoked some pot when you were young. |
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Response to Emotional Communications (Reassuring) |
-Attempts to soothe the person's feeling. Ex: Most kids go through periods like that, it's probably nothing to worry about. |
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Response to Emotional Communications (Probing) |
-Seeks further information Ex: What is he doing that makes you think that he is into drugs ? |
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Response to Emotional Communications (Reflective) |
-Captures the underlying feelings Ex: you're very concerned about him |
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Friendlier Arguments |
-Using Reflection to Deal with Conflicts -Each person is allowed to speak only after accurately reflecting the thoughts and feelings of the previous speaker to that person’s satisfaction |
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Assessment in Rogers's Theory |
-Open to empirical test of his theories -Audio and videotaped therapeutic sessions -Studied sessions themselves as well as performance on research instruments pre and post therapy -Q-sort technique -Packet of 100 cards with descriptive statements or words (things that can be used to describe the self) -Client asked to sort them in order of how they perceive themselves -Used to measure change throughout therapy |
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Philosophy, Science, and Art: Rogers’s Theory |
-Careful to distinguish between philosophical assumptions and his scientific hypotheses -Emphasis on subjectivity and the individual’s internal frame of reference made scientific research difficult -Major criticism of Rogers’s position is that based on simplistic concept of phenomenology -View of development and actualization of self may be highly culture-bound |
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Positive Psychology |
-Seeks to study and understand the complex positive behavior of people in order to emphasize the systematic building and amplifying of human strengths and virtues -Research topics include -Positive experienceWhat separates happy people from unhappy people? -Positive personality -Positive social context -Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Human -Strengths Manual To serve as a counterpart to the DSM-IV |
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Classification of Strengths and Virtues |
wisdom - love of learning, judgment/critical thinking courage- bravery and valor, perseverance/ industry humanity and love- kindness and generosity justice- fairness and equity, leadership Temperance- self-control, humility and modesty Transcendence - playfulness and humor, gratitude, hope |
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Transpersonal Psychology |
-Concerned with those states and processes in which people experience a deeper or wider sense of who they are and a sense of greater connectedness with others, nature, and a “spiritual” dimension -Emphasizes health and human potential, seeking a balance of the whole person: intellectual, emotional, spiritual, physical, social, and creative |
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Rollo May |
-Grew up surrounded by an anti-intellectual attitude -His father said that his sister had psychotic break due to “too much education” -After undergrad. went to Greece to study and work -Then went to Vienna and studied with Adler -Received Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Columbia University -Three-year struggle with tuberculosis in his early 30’s |
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Existential Philosophy |
-emphasizes existence rather than essence (unchanging laws or principles that govern existence) -No truth or reality except as we participate in it -Seek to study the structure of human existence and to look at the unity of the person prior to any split into subject and object |
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Our Predicament |
-Central problem we face is a feeling of powerlessness -This leads to anxiety, repression, apathy and violence -Anxiety = “apprehension cued off by a threat to some value that the individual holds essential to his or her existence as a person” -Intensified in contemporary culture by sense of isolation and alienation -Loss of values = we need to discover and affirm a new set of values in our postmodern world |
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Rediscovering Selfhood |
-Consciousness of self is unique mark of humanity -Allows us to distinguish ourselves from the rest of the world -Learn from the past and plan for the future -To have empathy(All of this awareness comes at the risk of anxiety) |
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Ontological Assumptions (the study of being and existence) |
1)All living organisms are centered on themselves and seek to preserve that center 2)They can go out from centeredness to participate with other people 3)Sickness is a means of preserving one’s being4) We can engage in a level of self-consciousness that allows us to transcend the present and consider alternatives -Viewed unconscious experience as self-deception or experiences that an individual cannot actualize |
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Rediscovering Feeling |
-Existentialism is all about awareness -Most people only have a vague idea what they are feeling at any given point in time -Feelings lay the groundwork for knowing what we want -It may not be a good idea to act on all of our wants/desires but it is important to know what they are |
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4 Stages of the Conscious Self |
1)Innocence: before consciousness of self is born, infancy 2)Stage of rebellion: Seeks to establish inner strength and freedom but does not understand the responsibility that goes along with it, childhood- adolescence 3)Ordinary consciousness of self: Being able to learn from one’s mistakes and live responsibly, healthy adult personality 4)Creative consciousness of self: ability to see something outside one’s usual viewpoint and gain a glimpse of the ultimate truth, not everyone achieves this -Similar to Maslow’s peak experience |
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Existentialism: Concerns of the Human Condition |
1)Inevitability of Death -Our death & the death of loved one’s 2)Isolation -Despite the fact that you may surround ourselves with others no one can truly understand you, loneliness in a crowd is often worse than loneliness experienced alone 3)Meaninglessness -Random process of life only certainties are birth and death, can lead to hopelessness, discouragement, emptiness. We must find our own meaning through experience, deed or creation, change of attitude toward things we cannot control 4) Freedom and Responsibility -Nearly infinite choices, and it is up to us to make these choices |
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Existential vs. Neurotic Anxiety |
-Existential anxiety is not pathological -It is normal and everyone experiences it -Existential guilt and neurotic anxiety are the result of lack of awareness, lack of responsibility, regret for not creating a meaningful life -Depression is very low in dying people who feel that their lives have meaning |
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The Cry for Myth |
-narrative pattern that gives significance to our existence -We need new myths to give our lives meaning and suggest new possibilities - two possible new myths ( equality and global community with no boundaries) |
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Psychotherapy |
-Existentialist seeks to understand the patient’s mode of being and nonbeing in the world -Various psychotherapeutic techniques may be used depending on which method will best reveal the existence of a particular patient -Warned of use of drugs in psychotherapy, as anxiety is viewed as an inevitable human characteristic -Therapy not effective with psychotic individuals -High psychological mindedness is a plus |
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May's Theory |
In effort to be “scientific,” many have lost sight of real person seeking to understand -Criticized contemporary psychology with being impressed with data at expense of theory -Three changes in psychological research 1)Cut through tendency to believe we understand things only if we know their causes 2)Question our presuppositions 3)Raise ontological questions (questions about the nature of being |
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May's Theory cont. |
-May’s theory is a philosophical view of human nature that is coherent, relevant, comprehensive, and compelling -Academic psychologists tend to ignore May’s theory because they cannot treat it as a scientific hypothesis |
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Albert Ellis |
-grew up in the Bronx during the depression -Focused on research relating to sexuality -Wanted to write his dissertation on this topic but his committee wouldn’t let him -Instead wrote about personality questionnaires -Became interested in psychoanalysis but gave it up to look for a more effective method |
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Theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) |
-REBT based in Stoic philosophy and Alfred Adler’s writings -Human beings have four fundamental and interrelated processes: perception, motivation, thinking, and emotion -A-B-C theory suggests how people develop irrational belief systems when a highly charged emotional consequence follows an activating event |
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Ellis's A-B-C Theory |
A) activating event b) belief system C) emotional consequence |
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Rational Emotive Behavior Psychotherapy |
-Goal of therapy is to enable clients to commit themselves to actions that correspond to their true value system -He focused on thoughts/cognition but he did believe all 3 were interrelated -The three main therapeutic processes are:CognitiveEmotive-evocativeBehavioral |
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A Self- Help Form |
1st identify an activating event that precipitates a negative consequence or condition that you would like to change. Ex: I must do things perfectly 2nd develop a dispute for each of your irrational beliefs. Ex: why must i do things perfectly 3rd work on coming up with an effective rational belief to replace irrational belief. Ex: id prefer to do well but i dont always have to |
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Musturbatory Belief System |
-Similar to the tyranny of the shoulds -Musturbatory Belief System: consists of absolute musts such as “I absolutely must perform well and be loveable.” -Ellis originally referred to these as irrational beliefs Later he stated that they should be referred to as dysfunctional beliefs -Where do we get these beliefs? - Ellis believed 80% from biological bases and 20% was taught -We inherit a tendency to raise cultural preferences into musts and social norms into shoulds |
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Aaron Beck |
-Embarked on research to substantiate psychoanalytic concepts -Studies the dreams of depressed individuals -Believed that they would contain more hostility than the dreams of non-depressed individuals -Instead he found 3 common themes: defeat, deprivation, loss -Failure of psychoanalysis led him to develop cognitive therapy to treat depression |
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Theory Behind Cognitive Therapy |
-Cognitive therapy derived from -Phenomenological approach to psychology -Structural theory and depth psychology of Kant and Freud -Cognitive psychology -Cognitive therapy based on theory of personality that maintains that how one thinks largely determines how one feels and behaves |
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Theory Behind Cognitive Therapy Cont. |
-Cognitive Schemas -Structures that consist of an individuals fundamental core beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates -Automatic Thoughts -Involuntary , unintentional, and precociousness thoughts that are hard to regulate -Cognitive Distortions -Systematic errors in reasoning |
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Cognitive Distortions |
1) arbitrary inference- drawing a specific conclusion w/o supporting evidence or even in the face of contradictory Ex: after getting a C rather than an A on the 1st test, a student erroneously concludes that she would not be able to pass the course 2) selective abstraction- conceptualizing a situation on the basis of a detail taken out of context and ignoring all other possible explanations Ex: an individual who is nervous about getting into an accident while driving will zero in on all the reports about traffic accidents while listening to the morning news, reconfirming the belief that driving is a dangerous activity. |
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Cognitive Distortions Cont. |
3) Overgeneralization- Abstracting a general rule from one or two isolated incidents and applying it too broadly 4) Magnification and minimization |
