Psychology Of Perception Final

Front 1

Pareidolia

Back 1

phenomenon when we are prone to see faces even when they are not there

Front 2

Behavioral evidence for specialized processes in face percetion

Back 2

Inversion effects: refers to findings that recognition of inverted faces is less accurate than recognition of upright faces. Evidence for isolated facial features such as forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, and chin.

Front 3

Physiological evidence for specialized processes in face perception

Back 3

Fusiform face area - part of the human visual system that is speculated to be specialized for facial recognition. Also evidence that it processes categorical information about other objects, in particular familiar objects.

Front 4

Clinical evidence for specialized processes in face perception

Back 4

Prosopagnosia - the inability to recognize faces.

Front 5

Individual differences in face recognition may be related to?

Back 5

May be largely genetically determined.

Front 6

Evidence for configural processing (inversion effects)

Back 6

Upside down faces are hard to recognize

Front 7

Evidence for configural processing (Thatcher Illusion)

Back 7

Phenomenon where it becomes more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside down face - despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face.

Front 8

Evidence for configural processing (Chimeric Faces)

Back 8

Aligned face halves give strong impression of a new face. Difficult to recognize either donor face.

Upright faces are processed in an integrated holistic way, that prevents easy access to their constituent features.

Front 9

Evidence for configural coding (contextual effects on perceived features)

Back 9

find

Front 10

Norm based coding and face percetpion

Back 10

individual faces may be coded by how they differ from the norm (average face)

Front 11

What is the evidence for norm based coding?

Back 11

1. cell and fMRI responses are weaker for average faces than for distinctive faces.

2. caricatures are created by increasing how the face differs from the norm.

3. adaptation resets the norm and changes face perception.

Front 12

6 universal facial expressions?

Back 12

anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happy, and sad.

Front 13

Object constancy

Back 13

Recognizing the same object form different views.
Allows us to represent the same object despite different perspectives.

Front 14

Problem with object constancy?

Back 14

Constancy and viewpoint changes.
Evidence for viewpoint-dependent representations.

Front 15

Evidence for recognizing parts

Back 15

Object boundaries are more similar when they form the same "parts" rather than forming the same contour.

Front 16

Simultagnosia

Back 16

Neural deficit where only one part can be perceived at a time.

Front 17

Williams Syndrome

Back 17

Genetic developmental disorder - individuals can see all the parts but have trouble seeing them together as an object.

Front 18

What defines a part?

Back 18

1. Functional explanation - ex that arm is distinct from the body.

2. Geons

3. Points of maximum convexity (parts are the bulges, boundaries between parts are the concavities or indentations).

4. Generic viewpoint - interpret objects to be consistent with the most general view, not accidental perspective.

Front 19

Geons

Back 19

"Generalized Cones"
Keep similar shape despite changes in viewpoint.

Basic shapes for defining parts.

Front 20

How do we decide where parts are?

Back 20

Many cues in color and shape.

Shape cues: carve up objects as concavities.

Front 21

Visual Imagery

Back 21

mental representation of objects or events that are no longer present.

Front 22

3 types of visual memory?

Back 22

Iconic

Short term

Long term

Front 23

Iconic memory

Back 23

Partial report displays

Brief visual persistence, high capacity, short duration.

Fixed location; High capacity; Automatically delays

Front 24

Short term memory

Back 24

"Visual Scratchpad"

Independent of retinal location; Low capacity; Maintained by rehearsal.

Front 25

Evidence for visual long-term memory

Back 25

1) Memory better for visual information [remember pictures better than words; remember visualizable words (gavel) better than conceptual words (justice); visual mnemonics aid verbal memory; verbal labels can corrupt visual memory]

Front 26

Evidence for visual long-term memory continued.

Back 26

2) Neural impairments can selectively affect visual memories

3) Photographic memory (eidetic imagery)

Front 27

Analog theories vs. propositional theories

Back 27

find

Front 28

Analog theories

Back 28

images are stored like uninterpreted visual representations

Front 29

Propositional theories

Back 29

Images are stored like interpreted verbal stories.

Front 30

Evidence for analog processing

Back 30

Mental rotation - images are stored in a spatial format and must be transformed continuously in space.

Image scanning effects

Front 31

Evidence for propositional processing

Back 31

Images of ambiguous stimuli cannot be re-interpreted.

Front 32

Relation between images and perception

Back 32

Brain imaging and adaptation suggest they involve some common processes.

Front 34

Philosophical problems with awareness

Back 34

Dualism

Problems of other minds

Problem of shared experiences

Front 35

Dualism

Back 35

(the mind-body problem) Mental and physical worlds have different rules.

Front 36

Problem of other minds?

Back 36

How do I know if you are conscious? Mental events are private.

Some knowledge is subjective - only we can know it.

Other knowledge is objective - it can be shared and verified.

Example: is there a horse in this room?

Front 37

Problem of shared experiences?

Back 37

Do we experience the same stimuli in the same way?

Front 38

Is consciousness necessary for perception? Example of vision without awareness:

Back 38

Blindsight - the ability of people who are cortically blind due to lesions in their striate cortex, also known as primary visual cortex or V1, to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see.

Front 39

Is consciousness necessary for perception? Example of vision without awareness:

Back 39

Visual neglect: (Unilateral neglect- damage to the right parietal lobe causes deficits in visual abilities in the left visual field)

Balint's syndrome - bilateral parietal damage cause an inability to: change eye fixation; perceive more than one object at once; reach out and touch objects in space; properly blind different features together BUT patients are influenced by unseen objects in color naming tasks.

Front 40

Is consciousness necessary for perception? Example of vision without awareness:

Back 40

Subliminal Perception

Front 41

Sites of consciousness?

Back 41

Neural correlates of awareness seem distributed and progressive rather than tied to a single site.

Blindsight shows V1 necessary, but adaptation studies show that V1 is not the site.

Front 42

Mirror Neuron System

Back 42

Neural circuits that encode the actions of others. Mirror neurons respond with we act or observe others acting.

This system may underlie imitation and empathy.

Front 43

Visual perception

Back 43

the interpretation of visual images.

Front 44

What do both art and perception involve?

Back 44

Representing images at increasingly abstract levels.

Front 45

What do properties of visual art do?

Back 45

Reflect or take advantage of how vision works (e.g. linear perspective and the portrayal of depth)

Front 46

What are some properties artists don't capture? Why?

Back 46

Properties artists don't capture signify properties that observers are not sensitive to.

Include: shadows and reflections are often physically incorrect

Front 47

Color in art

Back 47

Determined in part by the available technology (e.g. tempera vs. oil paint).

Color theories emphasized color contrasts and color harmonies.

Front 48

Spatial vision and art

Back 48

Natural images have characteristic visual properties; Paintings that capture these properties may be more visually appealing; blurring images highlights focused regions and provides powerful cues to depth; and blur is also a powerful cue to shadows.

Front 49

Does art reflect the visual deficits of the artist?

Back 49

In some cases paintings might reveal visual deficiencies such as cataracts or color blindness, but in general vision and thus art too is compensated for the visual imperfections of the observer.

El Greco fallacy

Front 50

El Greco fallacy

Back 50

find

Front 51

type question

Back 51

find answer.