Psychology Of Learning - Chapter 3

Front 1

classical conditioning

Back 1

the procedure of repeatedly pairing an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus, through which the conditioned stimulus develops the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

Front 2

conditioned reflex

Back 2

another name for a conditioned response

Front 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 3

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally elicits a specific response (an unconditioned response)

Front 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Back 4

in classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

an initially neutral stimulus that develops the capacity to elicit a conditioned response after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 6

conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place

Front 7

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Back 7

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus signals that an aversion event is coming

Front 8

skin conductance response (SCR)

Back 8

x

Front 9

stimulus substitution theory

Back 9

Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning, which states that the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus and elicits the same response

Front 10

sign-tracking theory

Back 10

a theory of classical conditioning that states that animals tend to orient themselves toward, approach, and explore any stimuli that are good predictors of important events, such as the delivery of food

Front 11

conditioned compensatory responses

Back 11

in classical conditioning, a conditioned response that is the opposite of the unconditioned response

Front 12

S-R association

Back 12

a hypothetical association between brain areas representing the conditioned stimulus and a response, which might develop during classical conditioning and thereby give the conditioned stimulus the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

Front 13

S-S association

Back 13

a hypothetical association between brain areas representing two different stimuli, which might develop if the two stimuli are paired

Front 14

acquisition phase

Back 14

the period in the learning process when an individual is learning a new behavior

Front 15

extinction

Back 15

in classical conditioning, presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. responding decreases and eventually disappears.

Front 16

spontaneous recovery

Back 16

in classical or operant conditioning, the reappearance of a response that has undergone extinction after a passage of time without further conditioning trials

Front 17

disinhibition

Back 17

in classical conditioning, the reappearance of a conditioned response to a stimulus that has undergone extinction that can occur if a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the extinguished stimulus

Front 18

rapid reacquisition

Back 18

learning in a second acquisition phase that follows extinction that occurs more quickly than in the initial acquisition phase

Front 19

conditioned inhibitor (CS-)

Back 19

in classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus that prevents the occurrence of a conditioned response or reduces the size of the conditioned response from what it would otherwise be. (Also called an inhibitory CS)

Front 20

excitatory CS (CS+)

Back 20

in classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus that regularly elicits a conditioned response

Front 21

compound CS

Back 21

in classical conditioning, the simultaneous presentation of two or more conditioned stimuli

Front 22

generalization

Back 22

the transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another, similar stimulus

Front 23

generalization gradient

Back 23

a graphic representation of generalization in which the x-axis plots some dimension along which the test stimuli are varied and the y-axis shows the strength of conditioned responding to the different stimuli

Front 24

discrimination

Back 24

in either classical or operant conditioning, learning to respond to one stimulus, but not to another similar stimulus

Front 25

short-delay conditioning

Back 25

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus begins a second or so before the unconditioned stimulus

Front 26

simultaneous conditioning

Back 26

a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus begin at the same moment

Front 27

trace conditioning

Back 27

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are separated by some time interval in which neither stimulus is present

Front 28

CS-US interval

Back 28

in classical conditioning, the amount of time between the start of the conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus

Front 29

long-delay conditioning

Back 29

a type of classical conditioning in which the onset of the conditioned stimulus precedes that of the unconditioned stimulus by at least several seconds and continues until the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Front 30

backward conditioning

Back 30

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus

Front 31

temporal coding hypothesis

Back 31

the hypothesis that in classical conditioning, the individual learns about the timing of the CS and US, not just an association between them

Front 32

second-order conditioning

Back 32

a classical conditioning procedure in which a conditioned response is transferred from one stimulus to another by pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus

Front 33

first-order CS

Back 33

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has been conditioned by pairing it directly with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 34

second-order CS

Back 34

x

Front 35

evaluative conditioning

Back 35

a form of second-order classical conditioning with human subjects in which neutral stimuli are paired with a positive or negative stimuli; then the subjects are asked to rate how much they like or dislike the stimuli

Front 36

systematic desensitization

Back 36

a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves slowly presenting the patient with increasingly strong fear-provoking stimuli while keeping the patient in a very relaxed state

Front 37

progressive relaxation
(deep muscle relaxation)

Back 37

a technique for inducing a state of bodily calm and relaxation by having the person alternately tense and relax specific groups of muscles

Front 38

virtual reality therapy

Back 38

a type of systematic desensitization in which a patient wears a headset that displays realistic visual images that change with every head movement, stimulating a three-dimensional environment

Front 39

aversive counterconditioning

Back 39

a treatment for alcoholism and other addictions in which the addictive substance is paired with an aversive stimulus, such as an illness-inducing drug, designed to condition an aversive response to the addictive substance

Front 40

conditioned suppression

Back 40

the measure of conditioning is the suppression of ongoing behavior (e.g., pressing a lever to obtain food) when the conditioned stimulus is presented

Front 41

extinction

Back 41

in operant conditioning, no longer presenting the reinforcer when the operant response is made. responding decreases and eventually disappears.