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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system |
= network of interconnected nerve fibers regulates bodily functions a) central NS (brain & spinal cord) b) peripheral NS (rest of nerves) i) somatic-voluntary (movement) ii) autonomic-involuntary (organs) - sympathetic (mobilizes for action: catabolic) - parasympathetic (maintains and restores equilibrium: anabolic) |
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brain = receives ____ signals, sends ____ signals 3 sections |
= command centre of body receives afferent (sensory) signals sends efferent (motor) signals 3 sections: 1) hindbrain 2) midbrain 3) forebrain |
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Hindbrain |
3 parts: 1) medulla: regulates blood pressure, heart rate, respiration 2) pons: respiration, link between hind and midbrain 3) cerebellum: voluntary muscle action, balance, posture |
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Midbrain |
= major pathway for sensory and motor signals coordinates visual and auditory reflexes |
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Forebrain |
1) diencephalon: -thalamus: relay of sensory signals of other brain parts to cortex -hypothalamus: blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, hunger --> endocrine system (pituitary gland). also transition centre for thoughts impacting organs --> blushing 2) telencephalon: cerebral cortex higher order intelligence, memory, personality 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
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limbic system |
stress & emotional responses --> amygdala & hippocampus --> cingulate gyrus & septum |
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neurotransmitters |
chemicals that regulate NS functioning |
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stimulation of _____ nervous system prompts catecholamine excretion? |
sympathetic (mobilizes body for action --> feels like anxiety response) |
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catecholamines |
= epinephrine & norepinephrine sympathetic (mobilizes body for action) |
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1 in _____ Canadians will be affected by NS disorder |
1 in 3 |
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NS disorders (7) |
1) epilepsy: often idiopathic (no cause), seizures 2) cerebral palsy: chronic, nonprogressive, lack of muscle control, from interruption of brain's oxygen supply 3) Alzheimer's: progressive, degenerative, impairs thinking & memory 4) Parkinson's: progressive degeneration of basal ganglia (controls smooth motor coordination), tremors/rigidity/slowness of movements 5) multiple sclerosis: degenerative disease of certain brain tissues, numbness & fatigue, immune system attacks myelin sheath surrounding the nerves 6) huntington's: hereditory, chronic mental & physical deterioration, loss of motor abilities & mental disintegration, often mistaken for epilepsy 7) paraplegia (paralysis of lower extremities---> lower spinal cord) & quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities + trunk --> upper spinal cord), from damage to spinal cord |
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endocrine system |
controls bodily activities = glands (i.e. adrenal glands), which secrete hormones regulated by: a) hypothalamus b) pituitary gland - anterior lobe =secretes hormones responsible for growth i.e. somatropic hormone (bone, muscle, organ growth), gonadotropic hormone (gonads), thyrtropic hormone (thyroids), adrenocortico-tropic hormone (adrenal glands) - posterior lobe =secretes oxytocin (labour, lactation) & vasopressin (kidneys, antidiuretic) |
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nervous system = responsible for ___-acting, ____-duration responses endocrine system = responsible for ___-acting, ____-duration responses |
nervous system = fast-acting, short-duration endocrine system = slow-acting, long-duration |
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adrenal glands |
2 small glands located on top of each of the kidneys each consists of: a) medulla: epinephrine & norepinephrine b) cortex: corticosteroids |
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disorder of endocrine system |
= diabetes --> chronic endocrine disorder involving insulin 6.5% of Canadian adults have it Aboriginals 3-5X more likely to have it --> thickening of arteries, heart disease, blindness, kidney failure type 1: arises in childhood, immune system destroys the cells that produce insulin type 2: more common, lifestyle disorder, body not sensitive to insulin |
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cardiovascular system |
1) heart - acts as pump - deoxygenated blood is returned to right side of heart, then into lungs via pulmonary artery - oxygenated blood returns from lungs to left side of heart via pulmonary veins - left side takes oxygenated blood and pumps it into aorta (major artery) --> body 2) blood vessels - arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to organs via arterioles & capillaries - veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart 3) blood - carries oxygen & carbon dioxide, nutrients & waste, hormones |
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disorders of cardiovascular system (4) |
1) Atherosclerosis: caused by deposits of cholesterol on arterial walls which forms plaques and narrows the arteries - damaged walls --> formation of blood clots - lifestyle disease 2 clinical manifestations: a) Angina pectoris = chest pain (insufficient oxygen supply or buildup of carbon dioxide) b) Myopcardial infarction (MI) = heart attack (clot blocks bloodflow to heart) 2) Arteriosclerosis: hardening of arteries --> high BP 3) Aneurysm: bulge in the wall of a vein/artery, can rupture and lead to death 4) Phlebitis: inflammation of vein wall |
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blood pressure |
= force of blood agains blood vessel walls = ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure systolic = contracts, pushes blood out diastolic = relaxes (between heart beats) influenced by a) cardiac output b) peripheral resistance c) structure of arterial walls |
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adult's body contains ___ litres of blood |
5 |
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blood consists of |
plasma (fluid) - 55% cells - 45% |
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blood cells are produced in 5 types blood forming cells |
bone marrow 1) myeloblasts & 2) monoblasts -->produce white blood cells 3) lymphoblasts --> produce lymphocytes 4) erythroblasts --> produce red blood cells 5) megakaryocytes --> produce platelets |
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white blood cells lymphocytes red blood cells platelets |
absorb and remove foreign substances produce antibodies contain hemoglobin, needed for oxygen transport clump together to block small holes --> clotting |
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white blood cells - disorders |
leukemia = cancer, disease of bone marrow, too many white blood cells leukopia = deficiency of white blood cells, makes ppl susceptible to more diseases leukocytosis = too many white blood cells, i.e. in response to leukemia |
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red blood cells - disorders |
anemia = not enough red blood cells --> weakness sickle-cell anemia = genetic, misformed red blood cells: sickle shape instead of flattened spheres these cells = vulnerable to rupture |
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clotting disorders |
= hemophilia unable to produce thromboplastin & fibrin (needed for clotting) death =likely |
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thromboses |
clots |
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embolus |
clot that has detached from vessel wall |
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immune system |
surveillence system to rid body of foreign invaders |
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infection: causes |
microbes enter body via: 1) direct transmission: handshaking, kissing, sex --> herpes, HPV 2) indirect transmission: airborne, water, soil or food --> influenza 3) biological transmission: via transmitting agent i.e. mosquito --> yellow fever 4) mechanical transmission: via carrier that is not directly involved: dirty hands, bad water, flies, mice, rats --> hepatitis, H1N1 |
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whether microbe actually produces infection depends on: |
1) number of organisms 2) virulence of organisms (aggressiveness & toxigenicity) 3) body's defensive powers |
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course of infection |
1) incubation period: between contracting it and when first symptoms appear 2) period of nonspecific symptoms: microbes are active 3) acute phase: symptoms at their height 4) period of decline: organisms are expelled via nose, mouth, feces, urine |
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infections can be |
localized: confined to one area and does not spread focal: confined to one area but sends toxins to other parts of body systemic: affect a number of different areas |
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immunity = |
body's response to injury from invading organisms |
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natural immunity |
defends against different pathogens acquired through naturally occuring anti-bodies (general) or disease (specific) |
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artificial immunity |
acquired through vaccinations and inoculations specific |
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nonspecific immunity |
general set of responses to any kind of infection/disorder mediated in 4 ways: 1) anatomical barriers i.e. skin 2) phagocytosis: white blood cells ingest microbes 3) antimicrobial substances: chemicals to kill invaders, i.e. interferon (protects neighbour cells) 4) inflammatory response local reaction: blood capillaries enlarge, histamine is secreted, which makes walls permible, white blood cells pass through to injured tissue, remaining = reddened white blood cells attack invaders, forming pus and clot: this isolates them and prevents them from spreading --> acts rapid |
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specific immunity |
acquired after birth i.e. via disease or vaccinations protects against particular microbes and toxins antigen-antibody reaction: antigens stimulate production of antibodies --> delay of several days |
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humoral immunity |
B lymphocytes: - protect against bacteria and viruses - produce antibodies - 2 types: 1) mature plasma cells produce antibodies 2) resting, non-dividing memory B cells (become plasma cells only when exposed to same antigen) |
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cell-mediated immunity |
T lymphocytes - slower acting - operates on cellular level - T cells produce chemicals that kill invaders - 2 types: 1) cytotoxic T cells (TC): produce chemicals that kill invaders 2) helper T cells (TH): help other cells incl. TC, by producing cytokines (some of these suppress immune function = counterregulatory immune function) TH cells down-regulate & eventually turn off immune response |
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lymphatic system's role in immunity |
= drainage system of the body important role in immune functioning
consists of: -capillaries -vessels -nodes process: 1) capillaries drain materials from in-between cells to vessels 2) vessels bring it to lymph nodes 3) nodes filter out materials for ingestion by lymphocytes 4) vessels then drain any remaining substances into the blood important organs: spleen - produces B and T cells, removes old red blood cells, filters bacteria, blood storage & release tonsils = tissue in pharynx; filters out microbes that enter respiratory tract thymus gland helps T cells mature, produces hormone thymosin (stimulates T cells & lymph nodes to produce plasma cells that produce antibodies) |
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Immune system disorders |
AIDS progressive impairment of immunity cancer immunocompromise infections: Splenomegaly = enlargement of spleen (produces antibodies etc.) Tonsillitis = inflammation of tonsils (filter out bacteria) infectious mononucleosis = too many monocytes, can cause enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes Hodgkin's disease = a malignant lymphoma (= tumour on lymphatic tissue) --> enlargement of lymphatic tissue --> nodes lose effectiveness |
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which diseases showcase the destructive potential of inflammatory responses? |
rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis & many others |
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autoimmunity |
= when immune response attacks body's own tissues --> arthritis & multiple sclerosis, lupus (disorder of connective tissue) women more likely to be affected |
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2 systems involved in stress response |
1) sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system - raises BP, heart rate, sweating, blood vessel constriction = fight & flight response - medulla secretes catecholamines (which also modulate immune system) 2) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis - reduces inflammation, conserves carbohydrates -hypothalamus releases CRF which stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol. - cortisol = responsible for above effects & returns body to calm state by inhibiting CRF release |
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general adaptation syndrome |
nonspecific physiological reaction to stress 3 phases: 1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion |
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pronounced HPA activation = ____ in depression |
common |
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effects of long term stress |
excessive catecholamines: -suppress immune system -increase BP and heart rate, disturbs heart rhythm -neurochemical imbalances -> psychiatric disorders -lipid levels & fatty acids -> heart disease Corticosteroids/cortisol: -verbal functioning, memory, concentration (hippocampus) -storage of fat in abdominal area |
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which stress system contributes to disease development? |
Both! Esp. if chronically activated But: HPA-axis may be more significant! --> would explain why SAM activation via exercise is protective and not detrimental for health |
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stress and the termination of inflammation |
(inflammation = SAM system) when stressed, our ability to respond to hormones that terminate inflammation is compromised --> proinflammatory cytokines were reduced in children of cancer patients (cancer = stress) |
