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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theory
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-integrated set of ideas that help to describe, explain, and predict behavior
-provides some organizing framework for observations of behavior -verified through research can provide a sound basis for predicting outcomes and applying research findings to practice |
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Basic Interactive Forced underlying Development
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-biological
-psychological -socio-cultural -life-cycle forces (affects people at different points in their life) |
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Influences
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-normative, age-graded ... biological changes linked to the passage of time and shared by most adults
-shared/cultural... social clock-typical timing of certain experiences...ageism-negative beliefs about people cause of age -history... influences that occur at a specific point in time and may affect everyone in the society or culture..different impact on people as a function of age |
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Cohort
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Group of people born at approx. the same time who share similar patterns of historical experiences throughout life. Alike in some ways that set them apart.
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Non-normative
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Factors that are not history related or age related... unique to the individual
-on-time vs. off-time |
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Themes/Issues
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-nature vs. nurture
-continuous vs. discontinuos -1 course of development or many? |
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Used to rely on from nature... childhood=growth & aging=decline
-children w/disablities were institutionalized, dementia as aging, institutional care was sterile, and of older adults Nurture--- environment is critical to shape a future. Rene Spitz's work & Hary Harlow |
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Rene Spitz's
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Hospitalization in 1940's. Compared diseased patterns of children of imprisoned mothers allowed to be with their mothers to those who were kept separate orphanage in clean.... more alive w/mothers
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Harry Harlow
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Baby monkeys & preference for cloth vs. wire mothers.
Feed at wire and congregate to cloth. |
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Continuous Change
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-quantitative change, gradual occurs in small increments
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Discontinuous Change
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-qualitative change, sets of behaviors viewed as stages
-stage-based theories -changes in thinking and behaving that characterize specific developmental periods -staircase |
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Psychodynamic
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Behavior driven by internal motives and drives. Sequence of universal stages, individual differences in rate, nature-nurture interaction.
-Freud, Erikson oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital... personality established at 12 |
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Erik Erikson
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-Each stage focuses on a crisis/challenge in the life cycle.. turning point better/worse.
-Stages are invariant and genetically determined, and development is influenced by culture and social environment |
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Stages of Erikson's Theory
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-intimacy vs. isolation...young adulthood 19 to 25, young adults risk the immersion of self in a sense of we to intimate relationships= love
-generativity vs. stagnation middle age 25 to 65 a way to satisfy the need to be generative= care -integrity vs. despair old age 65+ if previous successful, acceptance of oneself= wisdom |
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Learning Theory
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Emphasizes the role of experience and how learning influences behavior through rewards and punishment and/or observation
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John Watson
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40's and 50's learn through experience, can be molded and shaped
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Skinner
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40's & 50's operant conditioning
-consequences determine if it will be repeated -reinforcement of behavior increases likelihood of repeated -punishment decreases likelihood |
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Social Learning Theory
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Albert Bandura.. people learn through modeling and observing.
-experience provides a sense of self-efficacy.. beliefs about one's own abilities and talents to manipulate one's environment |
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Cognitive Development
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how people think and how thinking changes overtime
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Ecological Theory
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person-environment transactions... Bill Thomas's Eden Alternative Nursing Homes
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Competence-Environmental Press
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Lawton.. people adapt to their environments depending upon their level of competence, and the demands put on them by the environment.
-When demand (press) exceeds level at which a person can adapt, person feels challenged and performs at maximum potential. -Press to high, individual experience physical, social, or psychological overload or stress. -Press far below the potential for adaptation, sensory deprivation, boredom, helplessness, dependence on others may result. |
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Disengagement Theory
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Societies need organized way for older generations to transfer power to younger generations. Withdrawal from social roles in response to decrease capabilities and decreased interest.
-Pursues solitary activities in preparation for death... mandatory retirement, aging viewed in the perspective of times, theory based observations. |
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Activity Theory
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-individuals are active agents
-aging is most successful when one participates in activities and maintains involvement -narrow due to heterogeneity among older people and differing life style desires |
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Continuity Theory
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people maintain patterns of behavior
-substitute similar roles for lost ones -dynamic interaction between the person and her/his environment -continue prior ways to adapt to changes -act a certain way when you were young, as when you are older |
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Development
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life-long process with diverse change patterns from birth to death
-decline like processing info. -stability in vocab. -growth in wisdom -change |
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Plasticity
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individuals adapt to challenges of circumstances that arise withing them or withing their environments... skills can be learned of improved with practice
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Contextualism
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development unfolds withing a historical and cultural contexts. One's environment provides different limitations and opportunities.
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differences
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inter-individual
-intra-individual differences.. not all systems develop at the same rate; some functions may show positive change, others negative change and others no change |
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Older Ages of Adulthood
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-range of biological, psychological and social changes 65+
young old- 65-74 old-old - 75-84 oldest-old 85+ |
