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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define The Term Obedience |
Following orders or commands from people in authority. |
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Define The Term Authority |
A level of status or power. |
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Define The Term Defiance |
Resisting orders or commands from people in authority. |
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Define The Term Denial Of Responsibility |
Blaming actions on a higher authority rather than accepting the blame yourself. |
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Who Conducted Research Into Obedience In A 'Shock' Experiment? |
Milgram. |
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What Experiment Did The Participants In Milgram's Study Think They Were Taking Part In? |
A study about punishment and memory. |
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What Were The Participants In Milgram's Experiment Asked To Do? |
Give an electric shock to the learner every time he got a wrong answer (the electric shock was fake). |
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What Percentage Of Participants Went Up To 450V In The Original Experiment? |
65% |
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What Percentage Of Participants Went Up To 300V In The Original Experiment? |
100% |
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What Four Factors Does The Situational Factors Theory Suggest Affects The Level Of Obedience? |
- Setting. - Culture. - Power of Authority. - Consensus. |
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When Milgram's Study Transferred From An American University To A Rundown Office, What Percentage Of Participants Went To 450V? |
47.5% |
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How Did Obedience Levels Change According To Culture? |
- Australia ~ 40% - Italy ~ 80% - Austria ~ 85% - Someone is more likely to obey in a collectivist culture rather than an individualistic one. |
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When The Experimenter Didn't Wear A Lab Coat In Milgram's Study, How Did Obedience Levels Change? |
They went down to 20% due to the change in authority. |
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Define The Term Consensus. |
When everybody agrees on something. |
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What Did The Levels Of Obedience Drop To When Milgram's Added A Consensus To His Study? |
10% |
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What Are Three Main Criticisms Of The Situational Factors Explanation Of Obedience? |
- A lot of the research into situational factors in obedience lacks ecological validity. - A lot of research into situational factors has ethical problems. - The situational factors explanation ignores the role of personality. |
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Define The Term Dispositional Factors. |
Factors associated with the individual's personality. |
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Define The Term Authoritarian Personality. |
A personality type which is prone to obedience. |
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Who Devised The 'F-Scale'? |
Adorno |
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What Does The F Stand For? |
Fascism ~ A form of government or belief that praises the virtues of obedience, strong leadership and law and order. |
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If Participants Scored Highly On The F-Scale, What Did Adorno Classify Them With? |
An Authoritarian Personality. |
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Where Did Adorno Say This Personality Originated From? |
Childhood and Upbringing. |
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What Did Bickman Aim To Find Out? |
If the appearance of an individual affected someone's level of obedience. |
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What Method Did Bickman Use In His Study? |
Field Experiment. |
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How Many Participants Took Part In The Study? |
153 |
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What Was The Sampling Technique? |
Opportunity Sampling ~ ready and willing to take part. |
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Where Did The Study Take Place? |
On a street in Brooklyn, New York. |
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What Was The Independent Variable? |
Whether one of the three experimenters wore the uniform of a civilian, milkman or guard/police officer. |
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What Was The Dependent Variable? |
To what extent someone would obey instructions depending on the uniform they were wearing. |
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What Three Instructions Did The Experimenters Ask The Participants? |
-Pick up litter. -Give someone change. -Do not stand by a bus stop. |
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What Percentage Of Participants Obeyed The Guard? |
89% |
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What Percentage Of Participants Obeyed the Milkman? |
57% |
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What Percentage Of Participants Obeyed The Civilian? |
33% |
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What Did Bickman Conclude From The Results? |
That uniform affects the extent someone will obey instructions. Dress alone can affect authority. |
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What Are The Methodological Limitations Of This Study? |
-It was a field experiment so there was a lack of control over extraneous variables. -The participants were selected using opportunity sampling. -The study was unethical. -All the experimenters were male. -The study was only carried out in one city, in one country. |
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What Real Life Situation Can Research Into Obedience Be Applied To? |
-Prisons -Schools -Armed Forces |
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How Is Research Into Obedience Relevant To Schools? |
It's important to have a level of obedience in order for them to function effectively. |
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How Is Order Maintained In Schools? |
Through the use of sanctions and punishments. |
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How Is Research Into Obedience Relevant To The Armed Forces? |
We need to understand the hierarchy within the armed forces to understand how it works effectively. For example, what would happen to a soldier if they disobey the general? |
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How Is Authority Maintained In The Armed Forces? |
The general wears a different uniform to the soldiers to maintain higher authority. |
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How Is Research Into Obedience Relevant To Prisons? |
Without obedience and authority, prisons wouldn't be able to function effectively or safely. |
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How Is Order Kept In Prisons? |
-Uniform of the guards. -Punishments for breaking the rules. -Keep inmates separated to prevent the consensus from disobeying. |
