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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes.
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Scientific Method
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set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yeilds dependable generalizations.
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Behavior
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the actions by which and orgnism adjusts to its environment
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Behavioral data
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observationa reprots oabout the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occurs or changes.
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organismic variables
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the inner determinantes of an organisms behavior
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dispositional variables
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the organismic variables, or inner determinants of behavior that occour with human and nonhuman animals
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environmental variables
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external influences on behavior
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situational variables
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external influences on behavior
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structuralism
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the study of the structure of mind and behavior; the view that all human mental experience can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events.
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functionalism
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the perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the examination of their functions in an organism's interactions with the environment.
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functionalism
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the perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the examination of their functions in an organism's interactions with the environment.
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biological perspective
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behavior is explained based on the functioning of the genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system
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situational variables
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external influences on behavior
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psychodynamic perspective
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behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces; actions viewed as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolv onfliscts between personal needs and social requirements.
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behaviorist perspective
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observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli.
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behaviorism
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limits the study of psychology to measureable or observable behavior
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humanistic perspective
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emphasizes a persons capacity for making rational choices and developing to max. potential
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cognitive perspective
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stresses human thought and process of knowing (attending, thinking, remembering,etc)
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evolutionary perspective
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stresses importance of behavioral and mental adaptiveness, based on assumption that mental capabilities evolved over milions of years to serve particular adaptive purposes
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cultural perspective
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focuses on cross- culturall differences in the causes and consequences of behavior
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context of discovery
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initial phase of research, in which obervations, beliefs, info, and knowledge lead to a new idea or a different way of thinking
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determinism
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all event, physical, behavioral, and mental, are determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable
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context of justification
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research phase in which evidence is brought to bear on hypotheses
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observer bias
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distortion of eveidence because of personal motives and expectations
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standardization
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set of uniform procedures for treating each participant
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operational definition
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definition of a variable or condition in terms of specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence
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confounding variable
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stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces into a research stting that affects behavior
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expectancy effects
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results that occur whe a researcher or oberver subtly communicates to participants the kind of behavior they expect
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placebo effect
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a change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation
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double blind control
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participants and experimental assistants are unaware of who has recieved what treatment
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placebo control
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treatment is not given
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between- subjects design
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groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental or controlled conditions
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within- subjects design
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each participant is their own control
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A-B-A design
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baseline condition, experimental treatment, return to baseline
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reliability
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degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used
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validity
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the extent to which a test measures what it was intented to measure
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number of chromosomes
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46
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sociobiology
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focuses on evolutionary explanations for the social behavior and socil systems of humans and other animal species
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broca's area
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region of brain that translates thoughts into speech
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eeg
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recording of electrical activity of the brain
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PET scans
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detailed pictures of activity in living brain by recording radioactivity emitted by cells during different activites
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MRi
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scans brain using magnetic fields and radio waves
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fMRi
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combines mri and Pet scans by detectin magnetic changes in the flow of blood cells to the brain
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Somatic
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connects central nervous system to muscles and skin
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autonomic
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controls involuntary motor responses by connectin sensory receptors to the CnS and the CnS to muscle and glands
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sympathetic division
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deals with emergency response and mobilzation of energy
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parasympathetic
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moniters routine operation of body's internal functions, conserves and restores energy
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discovery
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using observations, beliefs, and knowledge to come up with a different way of thinking
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psychological theories should...
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avoid making claims about causal factors
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