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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Associative Learning |
connecting the dots with two events. (thunder and lightning). When we see lightning we expect the thunder to follow. |
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Respondent Behaviour |
Our natural response to random stimuli |
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Operant Behaviour |
Our behaviour that occurs because we have learned it rewards us in some way |
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Operant Conditioning |
Awarding polite behaviour with candy to a child to strengthen this behaviour |
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Cognitive Learning |
Learning from observing or through language |
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NS UR US CS CR |
Neutral stimulus - tone Unconditioned response - salivating at food Unconditioned stimulus - food in mouth of dog Conditioned Stimulus - the tone becomes Conditioned Response - dog salivating at sound of tone |
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Acquisition |
The NS becomes the CS |
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Higher Order Conditioning |
When the US and UR is paired with a new NS that can now also trigger the UR |
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Extinction |
Using tone over and over again without presenting the US eventually the tone will no longer work |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
The reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause |
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Generalization |
When similar stimuli trigger a similar response |
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Operant Condition is mainly based off of |
Shaping - the process of strengthening a behaviour based on reinforcement |
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Law of effect |
Thorndike's principle that behaviours followed by a favourable consequence are more likely to occur and vv. |
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Positive vs Negative Reinforcement |
Positive consists of praise, candy etc while Negative consists of something like a seatbelt alarm |
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Primary vs Conditional Reinforcement |
Primary is an innately reinforcement while conditional gains its power by association to the primary. Ex) ringing bell for food. |
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Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement |
Continuous involves reinforcing the behaviour overtime it occurs partial involves only reinforcing it part of the time which makes it a slower acquisition but less likely to go extinct. |
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Fixed Ratio vs Fixed Interval |
fixed ratio - every so many (free coffee after 10) fixed interval - every so often (sale on monday) |
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Variable Ratio vs Variable Interval |
Variable ratio - unpredictable # of times like a slot machine Variable Interval - Unpredictable amount of time (txt message) |
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What are the three measures of retention? |
1. Recall - fill in the blank - retrieval 2. Recognition - identifying previously learned things (MC) 3. Relearning - learning something more quickly after viewing it a second time |
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Parallel Processing |
The process of processing many problems simultaneously |
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What is the memory forming process? |
1. first sensory memory gives us the brief recording of sensory information 2. we then process that information into short term memory where we encode through rehearsal. 3. Lastly it goes to long term memory where retrieval is used to gather it |
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Working memory is... |
The active processing that takes place during the middle stage and it also focuses our attention. |
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Explicit memories |
The facts and experiments we can consciously know and declare. Uses effortful processing to encode. |
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Automatic processing |
Unconscious encoding of incidental information like time, word meanings etc. Encodes implicit memories. |
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Iconic Memory |
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. |
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Echoic Memory |
Remembering the last few words that someone said while you weren't paying attention |
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Chunking |
Organizing information into familiar manageable units. |
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Mnemonics |
Memory aids especially those used with vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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Spacing Effect |
distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention |
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Testing Effect |
This attend to the enhance memory after retrieving practice vs something like reading. |
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What are the two main levels of processing? |
Shallow - encoding on a basic level like word structure and sounds Deep - encoding on the meaing of the word |
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What does the hippocampus help with? |
Process explicit memories for storage. |
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Memory Consolidation |
The neural storage of long term memory |
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The Cerebellum |
Helps forming and storing implicit memories |
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What is it called when we can't remember the first three years of our life? |
Infantile Amnesia |
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Flashbulb Memory |
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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Long Term Potential |
An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. Neural basis for learning and memory. |
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What responds to stress hormones? |
The amygdala |
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Encoding Specificity Principle |
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it. This is tied to context dependant memory. |
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State-dependant Memory |
drunk vs sober - learned drunk - easier to retrieve drunk |
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Mood-Congruent Memory |
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent to one's mood |
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Serial Position Effect |
Remember first and last parts of a list of names for ex. |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
An inability to form new memories |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Inability to retrieve information from one's past |
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Proactive Interference |
When old information interferes with new. Old combo lock while trying to remember combo for new one. |
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Retroactive Interference |
New lyrics to old tune. Have trouble remembering the original lyrics. |
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Repression - Motivated Forgetting |
Defence mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety. Arousing thoughts and feelings. |
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Reconsolidation |
Is a process in which previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again. |
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Misinformation Effect |
When misleading information leads to the eventual corruption of a certain memory of an event. Car crash ex. |
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Source Amnesia |
Heart of many false memories attributes to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, learned, heard about etc. Deciphering between dream and reality etc. |
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Concepts |
These simplify our thinking and create a mental group of things. |
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Cognition |
All the mental activities that have to do with knowing remembering and communicating |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best example of a category. Help us develop concepts |
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Heuristic |
A simple fast strategy that is often error prone in problem solving |
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Insight |
A sudden realization of a solution |
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Confirmation Bias |
our tendency to only look for information that supports our preconceptions |
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Fixation |
Narrow minded - often has to do with a mindset that makes us approach things the way that previously worked |
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Availability Heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of an events based on their availability in memory. Often what makes us fear very rare events. |
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Over Confidence |
Over estimating the accuracy of our knowledge |
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Belief Preserveance |
our tendency to cling to beliefs after contrary evidence is provided |
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Framing |
The way we present an issue |
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Convergent vs Divergent Thinking |
Convergent is narrowing the possible solutions to a problem while divergent expands it. |
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Phoneme vs Morphene |
P - the smallest distinctive sound unit (th, a, t) M - the smallest unit that carries meaning (cat, s) |
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What are the talking stages |
Babbling stage One word Two word Telegraphic stage |
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Aphasia |
Impairment of language |
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Broca's area |
controls language expression |
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Wernike's area |
Controls language reception |
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Linguistic Determinism |
Whort's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
