Psychology Midterm #2

Front 1

emotions

Back 1

subjective response usually accompanied by a physiological reaction that is interpreted by the individual and followed by an action

Front 2

Darwin & emotions

Back 2

inherited specialized mental states that are designed to help us deal with recurring situations in the world

Front 3

Ekman & emotions

Back 3

emotions are innate components of our evolutionary heritage

-those who are better able to read other's emotions are more likely to survive and reproduce

Front 4

Ekman & 7 universal facial expressions

Back 4

-happy

-surprise

-contempt

-sadness

-fear

-anger

-disgust

Front 5

development of expression in 1st year

Back 5

1 month- social smile

3 months- pleasure smile

4-7 months- joy and anger

4 months- surprise

5-9 months- fear

Front 6

James-Lange theory (emotions)

Back 6

-people experience physiological changes and interpret them as emotional states

Front 7

Cannon-Bard theory (emotion)

Back 7

-we feel emotion & experience physiological reactions due to the thalamus sending a message t o the brain and responds to a stimulus resulting in a reaction

Front 8

Schachter-Singer theory (emotion)

Back 8

-interpretation of physiological arousal depends on the context

-emotions are cognitive as well as physiological

Front 9

mood-congruent recall

Back 9

-people tend to remember more information that is consistent with their moods at the time they were exposed to that information

Front 10

mood-dependent memory

Back 10

-occurs when their congruency of current mood with the time of memory storage help to recall memories

Front 11

stress

Back 11

-any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one's well being

Front 12

causes of stress

Back 12

-daily hassles

-chronic stressors

-major life events

-traumatic events

Front 13

Types of stress

Back 13

-approach-approach conflict

-avoidance-avoidance conflict

-approach-avoidance conflict

Front 14

approach-approach conflict

Back 14

-when a choice has to be made between 2 attractive goals

Front 15

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Back 15

-choice made between 2 unattractive goals

Front 16

approach-avoidance conflict

Back 16

-choice made about whether or not to pursue a goal that is both attractive and unattractive

Front 17

change

Back 17

-alteration in one's life circumstances that requires adjustment

Front 18

Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Back 18

-scale to measure stress

-identified 43 stressors that can cause illness with each assigned a certain score

-strength: recognizes both positive & negative events can be stressful

-weakness: individuals may not find the same events to be stressful

Front 19

emotional responses to stress

Back 19

-feelings of anxiety and depression

-feeling emotional numbness or irritability

-feeling upset or highly distressed

-serve as a warning to take action

Front 20

physiological reactions to stress

Back 20

-fight or flight response

-activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 21

3 phases of stress

Back 21

1. alarm reaction: mobilizes our resources & prepares us for action

2. seek to cope or resolve what is causing the stressor

3. stressor not resolved we suffer exhaustion

Front 22

coping

Back 22

-active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress

-emotion focused, task orientated, avoidance orientated

Front 23

emotion-focused strategies (stress)

Back 23

-releasing pent up emotions

-destructing ourselves managing hostile feelings

-finding ways to relax ourselves

Front 24

avoidant-social coping (stress)

Back 24

-seek out company of others either to distract us or for assistance

-good in the short run but not in the long run

Front 25

task-orientated coping (stress)

Back 25

-confront our problems directly by inhibiting disruptive emotional responses

-make an effort to reduce the damaging effects of stress

Front 26

burnout (stress)

Back 26

-physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and lowered self-efficacy

Front 27

locus of control

Back 27

-have control over a situation

Front 28

internal locus of control

Back 28

-they feel they have control over a situation and can influence the outcome

Front 29

external locus of control

Back 29

-feel they have no control over a situation and cannot control the outcome

Front 30

lie detection flawed by 2 reasons (Stephen Porter)

Back 30

1. spotting liars is common sense

2. liars behave in predictable ways

Front 31

2 approaches to lie detection

Back 31

1. gut instinct

2. science (very consistent signs)

Front 32

credible stories have more...

Back 32

-more detail

-more contextual embedding (detail about time & place)

-more unusual detail

-more description of emotion & thought

-more description of interactions & conversations

-not necessarily told in chronological order

Front 33

Rene Descartes (human dvpt.)

Back 33

-unfolding of innate processes with little to do with environmental surroundings

Front 34

John Locke (human dvpt.)

Back 34

-human mind is like a blank slate at birth meaning learning & experience account for human dvpt.

Front 35

Darwin (human dvpt.)

Back 35

-children begin their life in most primitive stage & gradually evolve into more sophisticated beings

-child dvpt. occurs in stages

Front 36

G. Stanley Hall (human dvpt.)

Back 36

-goal was to identify norms or averages at which development milestones are reached

Front 37

Freud (human dvpt.)

Back 37

-sexual feelings are important in personality dvpt.

-5 distinct stages

-deterministic theory: personalities are determined by early childhood experiences

Front 38

Freud's 5 stages (human dvpt.)

psychosexual model

Back 38

1. oral

2. anal

3. phallic

4. latency

5. genital

Front 39

Erik Erikson (human dvpt.)

psychosocial model

Back 39

-have to resolve conflicts at certain stages of life including with the larger social environment

-humans move through stages their entire life

-8 stages of life

Front 40

John Watson (human dvpt.)

Back 40

-if given full control of a child's environment you can control what they turn out to be like

Front 41

B. F. Skinner (human dvpt.)

Back 41

-human behaviour could be controlled through reinforcement and punishment (operant conditioning)

-Skinner Box

Front 42

Piaget's Stage Theory on Children's Cognitive Dvpt.

Back 42

1. sensorimotor

2. pre-operational

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

Front 43

2 methods of dvpt. phenomena

Back 43

1. cross-sectional: group of ppl all part of the same cohort

2. longitudinal research: follow ppl over a period of time

Front 44

genotype

Back 44

-our unique genetic blue print

Front 45

phenotype

Back 45

-observed characteristic that we can see

Front 46

dominant-recessive

Back 46

-a single dominant gene influences a person's phenotype

Front 47

cephalocaudal growth

Back 47

growth proceeds from head downward

Front 48

proximodistal growth

Back 48

growth proceeds from middle of body outward

Front 49

autosomal disorders

Back 49

-genetic disorders

-PKU

-sickle-cell disease

Front 50

Apgar score

Back 50

-scale to assess baby through appearance, pulse, responsiveness, muscle activities, and breathing

Front 51

Babinkski reflex

Back 51

-sole of the foot is stroked, the toe's fan out and up

-disappears around 12 months

Front 52

Grasping reflex

Back 52

-object touches the palm of the hand will grasp it

-voluntary response by 5 months

Front 53

Moro reflex

Back 53

-sudden noise or loss of support causes the infant to arch the back and throw the arms and legs out and bring them back in

-disappear around 4-5 months

Front 54

Plantar reflex

Back 54

-infant curls toes if you press an object under them

-disappear around 12 months

Front 55

Rooting reflex

Back 55

-soft touch on baby's cheek will cause to turn head towards touch and attempt to suck

-disappear around 3 months

Front 56

Tonic neck

Back 56

-infant is placed on her back with her head to one side, extend the arm and leg on the same side and flex the opposite arm and leg

-disappear around 4 months

Front 57

Sensorimotor stage (piaget)

Back 57

-0-2 years of age

-object permanence around 2 months of age, partially hidden objects until 6-8 months, hidden objects at 12 months

-deferred imitation: ability to imitate faces

-language begins before the use of actual words through gurgling, laughing, cooing, babble, gestural, receptive

Front 58

Language Acquity

Back 58

-holophrases: simple vocalization with basic vocabulary

-naming explosion (16-24 months): rapidly begin to add new words to their vocal

-emotional expressions

Front 59

Oral stage (Freud)

Back 59

-0-2 years

-derives pleasure primarily through mouth

-weaning process

Front 60

Erikson's stages in first few years of life

Back 60

1. conflict between trust and mistrust

2. autonomy vs. shame

Front 61

stranger anxiety

Back 61

-expression of discomfort

Front 62

seperation anxiety

Back 62

-expression of discomfort when separated from parent

Front 63

4 Relationships with Parents (Margaret Ainsworth)

Back 63

-secure: separate but seek when distressed

-avoidance: avoid contact with parent and show no preference for parent

-ambivalent: little exploratory behaviour & is greatly upset when separate from parent and not reassured when they come back

-disorganized: seems confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behaviours

Front 64

Pre-operational stage (Piaget)

Back 64

-ages 2-6

-great dvpt. in language

-dont understand concrete logic

-egocentric

-increasingly adept at using symbols

-role playing and socio-dramatic play

-lack conservation

-not skilled at mental manipulations but skilled at play

Front 65

Phallic stage (Freud)

Back 65

-once potty trained around 3-6 years

-aware of bodies & the difference between genders

-children will compete with same gender parent for the attention of the opposite gender parent

Front 66

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

Back 66

-increased muscular, mental, and language abilities

-great curiosity and open for learning

-imaginative play

Front 67

4 types of Parenting (Diana Baumrind)

Back 67

1. permissive

2. authoritarian

3. authoritative

4. uninvolved

Front 68

Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

Back 68

-age 7-11

-gain a better understanding of mental operations

-begin to think logically about concrete events

-difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts

-understanding of reversibility

-begin to focus more on inner traits or qualities of another person

Front 69

Latency stage (Freud)

Back 69

-begin age 3-7 and continue to 8-13

-child starts to identify with the parent of same gender & is slowly transferred from parents to peers

-begins to develop a sense of self

Front 70

industry vs. inferiority (Erikson)

Back 70

-age 6-puberty

-eager to learn new skills and begins to compare self to others

-emphasis on academic performance

-feel a sense of shame if failures are shared

-strong understanding of family roles

-self-regulation

-sibling relationships impact young child's dvpt.

-peer relationships become very important

Front 71

G. Stanley Hall & adolescene

Back 71

-period of Sturm & Drang or Storm & Stress

-conflict with parents, mood disruptions, risky behaviours

Front 72

primary sex characteristics

Back 72

-growth of testes and penis, ovaries, uterus and vagina

Front 73

secondary sex characteristics

Back 73

-breast development, changing voice pitch and beard growth, body hair growth

Front 74

Formal operational stage (Piaget)

Back 74

-ability to reason logically

-develop hypothetic-deductive reasoning

Front 75

Genital stage (Freud)

Back 75

-maturity, creation, enhancement of life

-how to add something constructive to life and society

-balance of both love and work

Front 76

Erikson and adolescents

Back 76

-explore and experiment with their aspirations, future selves, personal beliefs, values, occupational interests, and sexual orientations

Front 77

Emerging adulthood (Jeffrey Arnett)

Back 77

-18-25 years

-relatively independent from social roles and normative expectations

-chance to explore love, work, and worldview

-not universal and does not exist in non-industrialized countries

-tied to environmental factors like economic freedom and education expectations

Front 78

5 stages of death (Elizabeth Kubler Ross)

Back 78

1. denial

2. anger

3. bargaining

4. depression

5. acceptance

Front 79

3 factors that influence our behaviour & dvpt. of personalities

Back 79

1. genetic factors

2. shared environmental factors

3. non-shared environmental factors

Front 80

nomothetic approach to studying personality

Back 80

-understand personality by identifying general laws that govern the behaviour or all individuals

-people having similar personality traits but not where it originated from

Front 81

ideographic approach to studying personality

Back 81

-understand personality by identifying unique configuration of characteristics and life experiences

Front 82

personality

Back 82

-set of enduring characteristics that define a person's cognitions, motivations, and behaviour

Front 83

psychoanalytical theory (Freud)

Back 83

-psychic determinism: all behaviour is motivated but not all motivations are conscious to us and our adult personality is determined by early childhood experiences

Front 84

ID

Back 84

-inaccessible except through our dreams and it contains our sexual and aggressive instincts

-operates on pleasure principle

-wants to fulfill individuals needs and wishes directed by either life or survival instinct

Front 85

ego

Back 85

-reality orientated

-organized and develops when a child has to adapt to society's demands

-exists to negotiate peace between super ego and ID

Front 86

superego

Back 86

-ego ideal

-force that makes us feel proud when we engage in proper behaviour and makes us feel guilty when we engage in wrong behaviours

Front 87

neurotic anxiety

Back 87

-unconscious fear that the impulses of id will take control at a certain time

-driven by fear or punsihment

Front 88

moral anxiety

Back 88

-results from fear of violating moral or social codes

-appears as shame or guilt

Front 89

anxiety defence mechanisms

Back 89

1. repression:prevents threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

2. projection: attribute our own unacceptable motives to others

3. rationalization: contrived explanations to disguise our own unworthy motives

4. sublimation: channel our frustrated sexual energy into other activities

Front 90

Adler

Back 90

-we are motivated by our perceived short comings

-birth order

Front 91

Carl Jung

Back 91

-importance of balance and harmony and cautioned modern people rely too heavily on science and logic

-collective unconscious: memories from our ancestral past influences our thoughts and behaviours

Front 92

Carl Rogers

Back 92

-need for positive regard from others

-need for self positive regard

-many of our relationships come from perceived worth placed on us by others

Front 93

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 93

1. physiological needs (most basic needs for survival)

2. security needs

3. social needs (belonging, love, affection)

4. esteem needs (need for things that reflect on self esteem)

5. self-actualizing needs (self-aware, personal growth, less concerned of other's opinions)

Front 94

Trait Theories

Back 94

-primarily concerned with giving concise explanations of different personalities and categorizing people

-dont explain how behaviours are generated or where personalities stem from

-identify and describe behaviour

-provide fairly static view of personality

Front 95

Allport's 3 levels of traits

Back 95

1. cardinal traits: trait that dominates and shapes a persons behaviour

2. central traits: general characteristics that are found in every person

3. secondary traits: characteristics that are seen only in certain circumstances

Front 96

Cattell 2 categories of traits

Back 96

1. source traits: underlying, broad influential characteristics

2. surface traits: easily observable clusters of behaviour

-hereditary, environmental, ability, & dynamic traits

Front 97

Hans Eysenck

Back 97

-Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ)

-3 traits as dimensions

1. extraversion-introversion

2. neuroticism

3. psychoticism

Front 98

Big FIVE (personality)

OCEAN

Back 98

1. openness to experience

2. conscientiousness

3. extraversion

4. agreeableness

5. neuroticism