Psychology: Memory

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Information Processing Model

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model of memory in which information must pass through discrete stages via the processes of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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Iconic Memory

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fleeting sensory memory for visual images that usually lasts only a fraction of a second

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Echoic Memory

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A brief sensory memory for auditory input that lasts only two to three seconds

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Chunking

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grouping distinct bits of info into larger wholes or chunks to increase STM

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Duration

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-fades after 18-20 seconds

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Ebbinghaus Study

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nonsense syllables, flashcards

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Working Memory

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term used to describe short term memory as an active workspace where information is accessible for current use

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Serial Position Effect

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tendency to recall more items from the beginning and end of a list than from the middle

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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technique for transferring info into long term memory by thinking about it on a deeper level; relating to self helps effectiveness

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Overlearning

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Ebbinghaus discovery that continued reshearsal after material eems mastered helps retetntion

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Spacing Effect

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Long Term Memory is better when pratice is spaced out especially 10-24-7D

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Procedural Memory

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stored long-term knowledge of learned habits and skills

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declarative memory

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stored long - term knowledge of facts about ourselves and the world

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Semantic Network

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complex web of assosciations that link items in memory

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Episodic Memory

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dealing with facts about ourselves

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Explicit Memory

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elicited through conscious retrieval of recollection in response to direct questions

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Recall

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information must be reproduced without benefit of external cues

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Recognition

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items are represented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered

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Context - Dependent memory

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easier to retrieve when state of mind is same; mood-evoking memories

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Encoding Specificity

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Tulving's finding that stimulus encoded along with an experience can later trigger one's memory of that experience

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Implicit Memory

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nonconscious recollection of a prior experience that is revealed indirectly by its effects on performance

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Forgetting Curve

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consistent pattern in which rate of memory loss is steeptest right after input is recieved and levels off over time

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Proactive Interference

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prior info inhibits ability to learn something new

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Retroactive interference

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new material disrupts memory for perviously learned infromation

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retrieval problesm after extensive use of alcohol

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Korsakoff's Syndrome

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preconceptions about persons, objects, or events that bias the way new information is interpreted and reacalled

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Schemas

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Misinformation effect

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tendency to incorporate false postevent information into one's memory of the event itself

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Anterograde Amnesia

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inability to form new long term memories

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Retrograde Amnesia

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inability to retrieve long term memories from the past

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Lashley Study

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removed brain structures from rats and observed behavior in mazes; concluded memory not found in a specific location

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Search for the Engram

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physical memory trace

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H.M. Study

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removed hippocampus causing anterograde amnesia

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Reminiscence Peak

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older adults retrieve unusually large number of personal memory from their adolescence and early adulthood years

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Flashbulb Memories

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highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for events that are dramatic and emotional

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Childhood Amnesia

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The inability of most people to recall events from before the age of three or four

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Hindsight Bias

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tendency to think after an event that we knew in advance was going to happen

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dealing with facts about the world

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Semantic Memory

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Proactive or Retroactive Interference?

I have trouble recalling my new phone number, because I get it mixed up with my old number.

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Proactive Interference

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Proactive or Retroactive Interference?

A student understood a concept last week but can no longer discuss the concept correctly, because he confuses it with other concepts studied since that time.

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Retroactive Interference

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I have trouble recalling my old phone number, because I get it mixed up with my new number.

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Retroactive Interference

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Proactive or Retroactive Interference?

A student finds a new concept to be hard to understand because she confuses it with similar ideas she has already learned.

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Proactive Interference

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Amnesia Effect

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more likely to have trouble with declarative memory than procedural memory

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The Serial Position Effect is also known as...

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The primacy-Recency Effect

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Why can the forgetting curve occur?

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becase of lack of encoding or decay