Psychology Memory

Front 1

ENCODING

Back 1

-information is put into memoery
-memory codes: acoustic, visual, semantic

Front 2

STORAGE

Back 2

-information is maintained over time

Front 3

RETRIEVAL

Back 3

-information is brought to consciousness
-recall
-recognition

Front 4

EPISODIC

Back 4

-first dance
-last summer
-prom
-"I remember when..."

Front 5

SEMANTIC

Back 5

-almost always factual
-what a dance is?
-"I know that.."

Front 6

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Back 6

-almost always a motor behavior
-usually don't think about it
-"look ma, no hands"
-how to dance

Front 7

EXPLICIT MEMORY

Back 7

-intentionally trying to remember something
-answering questions on tests

Front 8

IMPLICIT MEMORY

Back 8

-unintentional influence on prior experiences
-priming
-most procedural memories
-ex. you feel uncomfortable around dogs because of a forgotten childhood incident

Front 9

LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Back 9

*Memory:
-how deep was the memory encoded?
*Maintenance:
-repetition
ELABORATIVE PROCESSING:
-relate experience to old memory

Front 10

TRANSFER APPROPRIATE

Back 10

Memory:
-how well does encoding match retrieval processes?
-same in same out

Front 11

CONTEXT DEPENDENCE

Back 11

-you should study in the room you will be tested

Front 12

STATE DEPENDENCE

Back 12

-If you're high when you study you should be high when you take the test

Front 13

PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING (PDP)

Back 13

-knowledge is based on a network of associations
SPREADING ACTIVATION:
-multiple related memories are all activated
CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY:
-can lead to incorrect memories
-ex. Mr. Brown example and playing telephone

Front 14

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL

Back 14

Memory:
-depends on the interaction between stages of mental processing
SENSORY MEMORY:
-bridges gaps between moments
-role of sensory registers
-provides coherence and continuity to world

Front 15

SHORT TERM MEMORY

Back 15

-couple of seconds
-what you're currently thinking about right now

Front 16

WORKING MEMORY

Back 16

-limited buffer (18 seconds)
-2 components (maintenance and manipulation)
MAINTENANCE:
-holding them in your brain
MANIPULATION:
-if we are changing or manipulating our memories

Front 17

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Back 17

-deep levels of conscious
-involves some degree of semantic coding
-storage capacity is very alrge if not unlimited
-confidence of memory is NOT related to accuracy
-retrieval cues help access long term memory

Front 18

PRIMACY EFFECT

Back 18

-recall first items

Front 19

RECENCY EFFECT

Back 19

-recall lost items

Front 20

MOOD CONGRUENCY EFFECTS

Back 20

-if you're in the same mood as when you studied you will remember it more

Front 21

PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

Back 21

-network of associations
SPREADING ACTIVATION:
-tip of the tongue phenomenon/feeling of knowing

Front 22

WHY DO WE FORGET?

Back 22

DECAY:
-the gradual disappearance of the information from memory

Front 23

PROACTTIVE INTERFERENCE

Back 23

-old impairs new

Front 24

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Back 24

-new impairs old

Front 25

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Back 25

-can't make new memories

Front 26

RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Back 26

-people with amnesia
-can form new memories after an accident

Front 27

COGNITION

Back 27

-information processing system
-generic term for higher mental processes
-thinking, memory, problem solving

Front 28

FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION TIME

Back 28

-complexity of decision
-expectancy
-stimulus-response compatibility
-speed-accuracy tradeoff

Front 29

FORMAL CONCEPT

Back 29

-fixed feature
-ex. math concept, physical, has set characterisitcs that are finite

Front 30

NATURAL CONCEPT

Back 30

-not a fixed set
-bird, aircraft, dog, and car

Front 31

PROTOTYPE

Back 31

-exemplary image of a natural concept
-robin, airplane, German Shepard, mustang
-ideal representation of that category

Front 32

PROPOSITIONS

Back 32

-links two concepts together

Front 33

SCHEMA

Back 33

-sets of related propositions

Front 34

COGNITIVE MAPS

Back 34

-mental representation of familiar parts of the world

Front 35

MENTAL MODEL

Back 35

-predict motion without seeing it

Front 36

REASONING

Back 36

-the process through which people generate and evaluate

Front 37

FORMAL REASONING

Back 37

ALGORITHMS:
-proces that will always eventually give you an answer
-rules of logic guide the way you think
Common Pitfalls:
-belief bias
COMFIRMATION BIAS
-only look for positive signs to confirm an idea you already have

Front 38

INFORMAL REASONING

Back 38

-trying to guess something
- you have partial information and trying to come to conclusions
-role of heuristics (rule of thumb)

Front 39

ANCHORING HEURISTIC

Back 39

-Really hard to change thier estimation of something
-you are anchored in what you believe in

Front 40

STRATEGIES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING (INCUBATION)

Back 40

-put a proble aside for a while and return to it later

Front 41

STRATEGIES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING (MEANS-END ANALYSIS)

Back 41

-where you are in contrast to your goal

Front 42

DECOMPOSITION

Back 42

-break a problem into smaller subproblems and subproblem one by one to solve the larger problem

Front 43

MENTAL SETS

Back 43

-you stick w/ old strategy even though a new strategy might work better

Front 44

IGNORING NEGATIVE EVIDENCE

Back 44

-the absence of symptoms can provide important evidence for or against a hypothesis
-we fail to notice what ahould be there and is not