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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each year, from 2 through 6, well-nourished children grow almost ____ inches and gain about ____ pounds.
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3; 4.5
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Children need ____ calories/lb, whereas infants need ____ calories/lb.
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26; 37-38
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Children in low-income families are especially vulnerable to ____ because their cultures still guard against under-nutrition and their parents may rely on high calorie fast foods.
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obesity
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Children like foods high in _____
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fat, salt, and sugar
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______ is the most common disease of young children in developed nations.
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Tooth decay
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Some children insist on food/clothing/etc being a certain way
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“just-right” phenomenon
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Children develop their ______ skills through playing
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motor
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By age 2, the brain weighs ______ of what it will in adulthood
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75%
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The brain reaches ______ of adult weight by age 6.
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90%
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Myelination
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Primary reason for faster thinking/coordination
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Myelin
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Fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons
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Corpus Collosum
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Band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right side of the brain.
Grows and myelinates rapidly |
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Lateralization
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Left side of brain controls the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body
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Left side of brain
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Language, music, arithmetic (linear thinking)
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Right side of brain
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spatial, facial recognition, emotion, approximation, estimation (global thinking)
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Personality and executive functions
Focuses attention & curbs impulsiveness "Just right" phenomenon decreases Sleep = more regular Emotions = more nuanced & responsive |
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Amygdala
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Limbic system
Emotion (fear & anxiety) & memory |
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Hippocampus
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Limbic system
Storing new memories Navigational abilities (memory of locations) |
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Hypothalamus
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NOT in the limbic system
Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, body temperature, and a variety of emotional behavior Stimulates hormones activating other parts of the brain & body |
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Cortisol
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Stress hormone
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Prolonged stress may result in ________
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emotional & cognitive impairment
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High levels of cortisol mimick _________
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Dementia
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Preoperational thought covers children ____ to ___ years old
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2; 7
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Preoperational Thought
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Symbolic thinking
Centration Egocentrism Focus on appearance Animism Static Reasoning Irreversibility Conservation |
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Symbolic Thinking
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A sound/word symbolizing an object
(I say the word ball, and you picture one even though I'm not actually holding a ball) |
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___________ frees a child from the limits of sensorimotor experience/development
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Language
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Centration
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Focusing on one idea, excluding all others
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Egocentrism
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A young child's tendency to think about the world ENTIRELY from their own personal perspective
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Focus on Appearance
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a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent/visible.
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Animism
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belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
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Static Reasoning
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Belief that nothing changes
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Irreversibility
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Belief that once something is done it cannot be undone
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Conservation
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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same when its appearance changes.
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Who is associated with Social Learning?
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Vygotsky
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Social Learning
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Every aspect of children’s cognitive development is embedded in the social context.
Apprentice in Thinking Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Private Speech Social Mediation |
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Apprentice in Thinking
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a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.
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Zone of Proximal Development
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the skills (cognitive as well as physical) that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
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Scaffolding
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Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
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Private Speech
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The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).
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Social Mediation
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Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.
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Childrens' Theories
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Childrens' own explanations
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Theory-theory
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear.
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Theory of mind
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A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking.
Children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. Seldom achieved before age 4. |
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The average child knows about ______ words at age 2 and more than _______ at age 6.
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500; 10,000
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Fast-mapping
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The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories based on one or two exposures according to their perceived meaning.
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Today, there is evidence to suggest that children do not learn words through ‘fast mapping’, but rather learn _________
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probabilistic, predictive relationships between objects and sounds that develop over time
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Over-regularization
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The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular" than it actually is.
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Child-Centered Programs
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Stress children’s natural inclination to learn through play rather than by following adult directions.
Encourage self-paced exploration and artistic expression. Show the influence of Vygotsky, who thought that children learn through play with other children and through cultural practices that structure life. |
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___________ emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacy-related tasks (such as outlining letters and looking at books).
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Montessori schools
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Reggio Emilia approach
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A famous program of early-childhood education that originated in Italy
It encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting. |
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Teacher-Directed Programs
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Stress academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class.
Children learn letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, as well as how to listen to the teacher and sit quietly. Make a clear distinction between work and play. Are much less expensive, since the child/adult ratio can be higher. |
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Project Head Start
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The most widespread early-childhood education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.
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Maltreatment
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Child maltreatment
Child abuse Child neglect |
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Child Maltreatment
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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
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Child abuse
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Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
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Child neglect
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Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.
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Three Levels of Prevention Against Maltreatment
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Primary prevention
Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention |
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Primary Prevention
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(Pre) includes any measure that reduces financial stress, family isolation, and unwanted parenthood.
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Secondary Prevention
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(During) may include home visits by nurses, high-quality day care, and preventive social work—all designed to help high-risk families.
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Tertiary Prevention
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(After) reduces harm when maltreatment has already occurred.
Requires permanency planning, an effort to find a long-term solution to the problem. |
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Foster care
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A legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs.
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Kinship care
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A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grand -parent, becomes the approved caregiver.
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