Psychology - Learning

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Classical Conditioning

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A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus

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Neutral Stimulus

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A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditional response

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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An organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

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Generalization

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Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

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Discrimination

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The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

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Extinction

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The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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Behaviorism

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The attempt to understand behaviors in terms of relationships between observable stimuli and observable responses

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Operant Conditioning

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Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

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Reinforcement

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A stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

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Primary Reinforcer

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A stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

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Secondary Reinforcer

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A stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

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A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

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A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

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A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement

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Variable-Interval Schedule

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A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement

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Shaping

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A technique in which the a desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring even-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward

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Response Chain

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Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

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Social Learning

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A process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

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Cognitive Learning

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A form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation

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Cognitive Map

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A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

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Latent Learning

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Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior

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Learned Helplessness

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A condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

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Modeling

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Learning by imitating others; copying behavior

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Behavior Modification

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The systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings

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Token Economy

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Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards

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Escape Conditioning

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One of the types of negative reinforcement; A person's behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop. For example, whining about food until it's removed

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Avoidance Conditioning

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One of the types of negative reinforcement; The person's behavior prevents an unpleasant situation from happening. For example, whining about food before it's even cooked.

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Aversive Control

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Refers to unpleasant consequences that influence our everyday behavior

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Observational Learning

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People and animals learn many things simply by observing others.

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Insight Learning

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A type of learning that occurs when one realizes how to solve a problem

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Instinctive Drift

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The tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behavior

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John Watson

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Conditioned small children to fear

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Negative Reinforcement

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Removes an adverse stimulus (ex. fastening a seat belt to stop beeping)

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Positive Reinforcement

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Adds a desirable stimulus (ex. getting a hug, getting a paycheck)

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Positive Punishment

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Administer an adverse stimulus (ex. spanking, parking ticket)

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Negative Punishment

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Withdraw a desirable stimulus (ex. timeout, take away cell phone, grounding)

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Spontaneous Recovery

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After a reactions extinction happens, the reaction randomly happens again