Psychology In Action Chapter 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

Critical thinking

Back 2

Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information

Front 3

Behavior

Back 3

Anything we do (talking sleeping, reading, blinking)

Front 4

Mental processes

Back 4

Our private, internal experiences (thoughts, perceptions, feelings, memories, dreams)

Front 5

Pseudopsychologies

Back 5

Not scientific psychology, give the appearance of science but are actually false. Includes psychis, mediums, palmistry, psychometry, psychokinesis, and astrology.

Front 6

What are the four basic goals of psychology?

Back 6

Describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes.

Front 7

Description

Back 7

Tells what occurs, name or classify particular behaviors.

Front 8

Explanation

Back 8

Tells why a behavior or mental process occured, depends on discovering and understanding its causes.

Front 9

Prediction

Back 9

Idenitifying the conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur.

Front 10

Change

Back 10

Applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted out comes or bring about desired goals.

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Nature-Nurture Controversy

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Ongoing dispute over the relative contributions of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment)

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Interaction

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Process in which multiple factors mutually influence one another and the outcome-as in the interaction between heredity and environment.

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Biopsychology/neuroscience

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Investigates the relationship between biology, behavior, and mental processes, including how physical and chemical processes affect the structure and function of the brain and nervous system.

Front 14

Clinical psychology

Back 14

Specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders.

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Cognitive psychology

Back 15

Examines "higher" mental processes, including thought, memory, intelligence, creativity, and language.

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Counseling psychology

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Overlaps with clinical psychology, but practitioners tend to work with less seriously disturbed individuals and conduct more career and vocational assessment.

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Developmental psychology

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Studies the course of human growth and development from conception until death.

Front 18

Educational and school psychology

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Studies the process of education and works to promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children in the school environment.

Front 19

Experimental psychology

Back 19

Examines processes such as learning, condictioning, motivation, emotion, sensation, and perception in humans and other animals.

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Forensic psychology

Back 20

Applies principles of psychology to the legal system, including jury selection, psychological profiling etc.

Front 21

Gender and/or cultural psychology

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Investigates how men and women and different cultures differ from one another and how they are similar.

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Health psychology

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Studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.

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Industrial/organizational psychology

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Applies the principles of psychology to the workplace, including personnel selection and evaluation, leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, and group processes within the organization.

Front 24

Social psychology

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Investigates the role of social forces and interpersonal behavior, including aggression, prejudice, love, helping, conformity, and attitudes.

Front 25

What field of psychology accounts for the majority of degrees in psychology?

Back 25

Clinical psychology (52.7%)

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Wihelm Wundt

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Credited with "the birth of psychology"; "the father of psychology"; wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology, often considered the most important book in the history of psychology; focused on studying conscious experience, methodology was introspection.

Front 27

Where and when did Wundt work?

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1879 Leipzig Germany, established the first psychological laboratory

Front 28

Structuralism

Back 28

Involves "building blocks" of the mind, small parts that make up the greater whole. Functioned through introspection, but died out because everyone viewed things in different ways and it couldn't be used to study animals, children, and mental disorders.

Front 29

Who were the key figures in structuralism?

Back 29

Wundt and Titchener

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Functionalism

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Studied how the mind functions to adapt human and nonhuman animals to their environment; asked why we have certain emotions and what function they serve to help us adapt to our environment. Strongly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection.

Front 31

Who was the key leader of functionalism?

Back 31

William James

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William James

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Broadened psychology to include nonhuman animal behavior, various biological processes, and behaviors

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective

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Focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts, founded by Sigmund Freud.

Front 34

Behavior Perspective

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Emphasizes objective, observable, environmental influences on overt behavior; founded by John Watson, other main behaviorists were Pavlov and Skinner.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Discovered classical conditioning; dogs and salivation

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B.F. Skinner

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Prominent behaviorist of the twentieth century.

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Humanist Perspective

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Emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth-seeking.

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Who are the two key figures in humanistic psychology?

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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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Cognitive Perspective

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Focuses on thought, perception, and information processing; cognitive psychogists use an information-processing approach in their studies- like computers.

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Neuroscience/Biopsychology Perspective

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Emphasizes genetics and other biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

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Evolutionary Perspective

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Focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes.

Front 42

Sociocultural Perspective

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Emphasizes social interaction and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes.

Front 43

Gestalt psychology

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Focuses on the notion that the whole is more than the sum of the parts

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Who is the key psychologist for Gestalt psychology?

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Wertheimer