Psychology Gre: Developmental

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Psychodynamic orientation

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a system of thought that arouse out of a clinical settings. These theories stress the role of subconscious conflicts in the development of functioning personalities (Historical Perspective).

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Cross Sectional studies

Back 2

Compare groups of subjects at different ages (research methodologies).

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Longitudinal Studies

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Compare specific groups of people over an extended period of time (research methodologies).

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Sequential Cohort Studies

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several groups of different ages are studied over several studies (research methodologies).

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Nature/nurture Controversy

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Whether the determinants of behavior has centered on the extent to which hereditary factors versus environmental factors influence cognitive, social, and emotional behavior.

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Gene

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The existence of the basic unit heredity (Genetics).

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Allele

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Each specific trait was controlled by an alternative form a gene (Genetics).

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Dominant or recessive

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The each variations was represented by an allele (Genetics).

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Genotype

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The total genetic complement of an individual (Genetics).

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Phenotype

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The total collection of expressed traits that is the individual's observable characteristics (Genetics).

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Chromosomes

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Where genes are located (Genetics).

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R.C. Tryson's studies

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Learning abilities had a genetic basis (Genetics).

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Down's Syndrome

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A genetic anomaly in which the individual has an extra 21st chromosome (Genetic Disorders).

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Phenylketonuria (PKA)

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A genetic disorder, is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. PKU results when the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, an amino acid, is lacking (Genetic Disorders).

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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In males, possession of an extra X chromosome is known as Klinefelter's syndrome. These males are sterile and often have mental retardation (Genetic Disorders).

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Zygote

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The sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell--the zygote (Stages of Prenatal Development).

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Germinal Period

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The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into uterine wall (Stages of Prenatal Development).

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Embryonic Period

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The eight weeks following the germinal period: embryo increases in size by 2 million percent (Stages of Prenatal Development).

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Fetal Period

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Begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus' brain (Stages of Prenatal Development).

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Rooting

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Infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek (Reflexes).

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Moro

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Infants react to abrupt movement of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bring their arms back to their body and hugging themselves (Reflexes).

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Babinski

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Infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated (Reflexes).

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Grasping

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Infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands (Reflexes).

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Schema

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Organized patterns of behavior and/or thoughts (Jean Piaget).

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Adaption: Assimilation

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The process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata (Jean Piaget).

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Adaption: Accommodation

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When new information doesn't really fit into existing schemata, it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information (Jean Piaget).

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Sensorimotor Stage

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Primary and Secondary Circular reactions ; object permanence develops.

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Primary Circular reactions

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The infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement. Restricted to motions concerned with the body

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Secondary Circular Reactions

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Directed towards manipulation of objects in the environment.

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Object Permanence

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When the child realizes that objects continue to exist even though the child cannot perceive their existence.

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Preoperational Stage

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Child has not mastered conservation.

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Centration

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Tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of the a phenomenon.

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Conservation

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The notion that physical properties of matter do not change simply because the appearance of the matter changes.

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Concrete Operational

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Child masters conservation, can take the prospective of others but has difficult with abstract thoughts.

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Formal Operational

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Person has the ability to "think like a scientist" and think logically about abstract ideas.

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Phonology

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Refers to the actual sound stem of language.

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Categorical perceptions

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The ability to distingunish between differences in sound that do not denotes differences in meaning and those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning.

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Semantics

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Involves the learning of word meanings.

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Syntax

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refers to how words are put together to form sentences.

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Pragmatics

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Consists of actual efficient use of a language.

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Language acquisition device (LAD)

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Innate capacity for language acquisiton

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Libido

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Sex or life drive

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Oral stage

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Libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency.

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Anal Stage

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Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness.

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Phallic/Oedipal Stage

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the central event of this stage is the resolution of the Oedipal/Electra conflict.

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Latency Stage

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Libido is largely sublimated during this tage.

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Genital Stage

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Begins at puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person, will enter into normal heterosexual relations.

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Psychosocial Theory

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Development is a sequence of central life crises. In each of these crises there is a possible favorable or unfavorable outcomes.
Emphasizes emotional development and interactions with the social environment.

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Trust vs. mistrust

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Takes during the first year.
If resolved successfully, the child will come to trust the environment and oneself.
If mistrust wins out, the child will often be suspicious of the world.

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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

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(1-3 yrs) The favorable outcome is feeling of will and ability to exercise choice as well as self-restraint.
The unfavorable outcome is a sense of doubt and lack of control.