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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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the scientific study of human and animal behavior
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Considered the father of psycology.
Beginning of psyc as a science |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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used Introspection
-experimental self-observation |
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William James
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argued that psychology should study the mind and consciousness
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Willaim James
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founder of Functionalism-
which brought animals into the study of psychology. |
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William James
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developed the first psyc book- "principals of psychology"
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James B. Watson
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challenged functionalism
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James B. Watson
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founded behaviorism- behavior should be the subject matter of psychology- scientific data should be objective, overt, and ovservable
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Margaret Washburn
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First woman to recieve a PH D in psyc.
Had an influential book called "The Animal Mind" |
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the Barnum Effect
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A tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if they are stated in general terms.
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Theory
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A group of statements, the purpose of which is to explain a group of events.
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What does theory do?
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Integrate existing data
Predict new events MUST BE TESTABLE MUST BE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE |
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Operational Definition
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specify the procedures used to measure a concept of manipulate a variable
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operational definition
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allows abstract ideas to be tested in real-world terms
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Naturalistic Observation
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involves ovserving and noting behaviors as they occur naturally.
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Naturalistic Observation
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is the most basic tool of any science
only provides descriptions of behavior |
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Representative Sample
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is a sample that reflects the characteristics of the larger population
ex: literary digest |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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An expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true
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Biased Sample
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A biased sample does not accurately reflect characteristics of the whole population.
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Positive Correlation Coefficient
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Indicates a direct assoication between the two variables
NONCAUSAL |
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Negative Correlation Coefficient
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Indicates an inverse association between the two variables.
NONCAUSAL |
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experiments
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The most powerful research tool.
concerned with cause and effect |
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indepedent variable
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-influences behavior
-manipulated by the experimenter |
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dependent variable
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-influenced by the independent variable
-MEASURED by the experimenter |
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Random Assignment
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each subject has an equal chance of being a member of an experimental or control group
ex: insurance policy |
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Longitudinal Studies
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involve the "repeated testing" of the "same" group of subjects over an extended period of time
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Cross-sectional Studies
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Use "different" groups of subjects at "different" ages compared at some "specific point" in time
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Cohort
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refers to a group of individuals born at the same time (same generation)
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Edward Tolman
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Says rats and college sophmores are the two most widely used sets of subjects.
-He urged colleagues to remember that rats aren't people, and college sophmores may not be! |
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Frequency Distribution
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th arrangement by which scores are tabulated by the frequency in which they occur.
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Hitogram
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a bar graph
-the height indicated the frequency of the score |
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Frequency Polygraph
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Line graph
-valuable when comparing two distruibutions |
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Measures of Central Tendency
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measures of the middle or average scores in a set
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The Mean
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The sum of all the scores diveded by the number of scores: the average
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The Mode
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the MOST FREQUENT score
-represented by the highest peak on the graph |
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The Median
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the middlemost score
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The Standard Deviation 's'
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-the most useful measure of variablity
-indicates the degree of dispertion |
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Reliabilty
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refers to the consistency of measurements
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Validity
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refers to how accurately a procedure measures what it is supoosed to measure
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Inferential Statuistics
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-statistics concerned about GERNERALIZING beyond actual observations
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Null Hypothesis
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a statement of no relationship among the variables being investigated
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Significant Results
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-results which cannot be REASONABLY attributed to chance alone
-to be statistically signifcant, less than 5 experiments out of 100 |
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Intelligence
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the capacity to learn from expeience and adapt to new situations
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Sir Frances Galton
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-inaugurated the modern testing movement
-was the first to suggest that mental ability might be genetically determined and measured empirically |
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Alfred Binet
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worked with Theodore Simon
-attempted to identify student who would benefit from formal schooling |
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Alfred Binet
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interested in GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
-designed the first intelligence test |
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Lewis Terman
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revised the Stanford-Binet test to tbe used in North America
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David Wechsler
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the designer of the widely used Wecchsler scales
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Verbal- wechsler test submeasure
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taps knowledge and information; related to school success
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Performance- wechsler test submeasure
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-taps intellignece
-provide an estimate of what the IQ score would be if the individual experienced a more favourable enviornment |
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Neural Purning
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unecessary neural connections are actively destroyed between the ages of 5 and the early teens
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Group Intelligence Tests
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administered to large groups of people
ex: Army Alpha Test -first group intelligence test |
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Mental Age
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-term coined by binet that representst the child's IQ performance
-represents the average mental ability displayed at a given age |
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Developed by WILLIAM STERN
-mental age % chronological age *100 |
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Deviation IQ
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analyzes intelligence on how an individual stands in relation to his/her cohorts
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