Psychology Final2

Front 1

uncondtional positive regard

Back 1

according to Rogers, an attitiude of total acceptance toward another person

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trait

Back 2

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assesed by self report inventories and peer reports

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personality inventory

Back 3

a questionnaire on which people respnd to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

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the most widely researched and and clinically used of all personality tests, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

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empirically derived test

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a test developed by testing a pool of items and selecting those that discriminate between groups

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social cognitive persective

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views behavior as influences by the interaction between persond and their thinking and their social context

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reciprocal determinism

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the interacting between personality and environmental factors

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personal control

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our sense of controlling our environment instead of feeling helpless

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external locus of control

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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control control fate

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internal locus of control

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the perception that one controls one's own fate

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learned helplessness

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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spotlight effect

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overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders

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self serbing bias

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a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

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stereotype

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a generalized belief about a group of people

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discrimination

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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

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scapegoat theory

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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just world phenomenon

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the tendency to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve

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frustration-aggression principle

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the principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger, which can generate aggression

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conflict

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a perceived incompatability of actions, goals, or ideas.

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social trap

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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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mere exposure effect

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the phenomenom that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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passionate love

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an aroused state of intense positive absorbtion in another, usually present at beginning of a love relationship

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companionate love

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the deep affectionate attachment we fell with those with whom we are attached in life

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bystander effect

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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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social exchange theory

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theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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repricocity norm

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an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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James-Lange theory

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the theory that our experience is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotional stimuli

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Cannon Bard theory

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theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

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two factor theory

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Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognjitively label the arousal

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catharsis

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emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintan that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges.

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subjective well being

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self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

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adaptation level phenomenon

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our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by a prior experience

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relative deprivation

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the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

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stress

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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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general adaptation syndrome

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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, ezhaustion

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coronary heart disease

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the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

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Type A

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competetive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone

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Type B

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Friedman and Rosemann's term for easygoing, relaxed people

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psychophysiological

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literally "mind body" illness, any stress-stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

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lymphocyte

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The two types of white blood cells that are a part of the two body's immune system

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coping

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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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aerobic exercise

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sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate

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biofeedback

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a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood blind pressure or muscle tension

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psychological disorder

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deviant, distressful and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 or more of the three key symptoms-extreme innattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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medical model

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the concept that diseases have physical causes, cured

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an axiety disorder marked buy unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations