Psychology Final1

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identity

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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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intimacy

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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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menopause

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The time of natural cessation of menustration;also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her bodies ability to reproduce declines

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Alzheimer's disease

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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characteried by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally physical functioning

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Cross sectional study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills;tends to decrease during late adulthood

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field intelligence

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One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly;tends to decrease during late adulthood

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free association

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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing

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unconscious

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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unnacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are not aware

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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id

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contains a reservoir of unconcscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basica sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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Ego

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the largely conscious executive part of the personality

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superego

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the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

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psychosexual stages

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the childhood stages of development during which according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies on distinct errogenous ones

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Oedipus complex

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According to Freud, when a boys sexual desires toward his mother and fellings of jealousy and hatred toward their father

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identification

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the process by which, acoording to Freud, children incorporate parents values in their superegos

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fixation

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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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Rorschach inkblot test

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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorscach seeks to identify people's innerfeelings

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projective test

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a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger projections of one's inner dynamic's

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terror management theory

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proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death

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self actualization

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according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved, the motivation to fufill one's potential

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uncondtional positive regard

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according to Rogers, an attitiude of total acceptance toward another person

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg that enters a 2-week of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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Embryo

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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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Fetus

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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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Teratogens

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Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the empbryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. I severe cases, symptons include noticeable misprportions

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rooting reflex

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A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek to turn toward the touch, open the mouth and search for the nipple

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Habituation

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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Maturation

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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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Schema

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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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Preoperational change

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In Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operartions of concrete logic

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Conservation

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The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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Egocentrism

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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another point of view

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Theory of mind

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People's ideas about their own and other's mental states, about their feelings, perceptions, and thouights and the behavior these might predict

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Autism

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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

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Concrete operational stages

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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Formal operational stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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stranger anxiety

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The fear of strangers that infants display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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attachment

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an emotional tie with a nother person, shown in young children by their seeing closeness to the caregiver and shoeing distress on separation

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critical period

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the limited time during which a skill can be learned; critical period for walking is between __ and__ months.

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your g/f is hot!

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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basic trust

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according to Erik Ericson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy;said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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puberty

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the period of sexual maturation, during which a preson becomes capable of reproducing

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primary sex characteristics

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the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

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secondary sex characteristics

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Nonreproductive sex characteristics such as female breats and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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menarche

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the first menstrual period