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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Johnson & Newport (1989)
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*Language Sensitive Period
Relationship between age of arrival in US and grammatical rule knowledge Chinese and Korean learned English as 2nd language Increase age= Decrease grammar knowledge |
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Greenough: Rich Rats & Poor Rats
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Role of environment of brain development
Poor= basic cage Rich= enriched cage and higher brain development |
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Noam Comsky
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Language Acquisition Devise (LAD): Exposure to language is not required
Innate Linguistic ability view Poverty of the stimulus |
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Jenny Satfron
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Humans are able to do math problems in their head to predict the next sound
General Cognitive- language has structure and is not made |
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Gordon Allport
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Trait Theory of Personality
Lexical Hypothesis: adjectives to describe personality traits |
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Srivastava (2003)
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Traits change over time
Consciousness: increase Agreeableness: increase Neuroticism: decrease Openness: increase then decrease Extraversion: stable |
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Vygotsky
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Theory of Cognitive Development: cultural and social factors in the development of thinking
Internalization Zone of proximal development |
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Konrad Lorenz
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Imprinting
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Bowlby
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Attachment Theory
Relationship to feel safe Homeostatic Theory |
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Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Study
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Attachment vs Cupboard theory
Monkeys given artificial mothers Spent most time with cloth covered comfort mother |
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Ainsworth's "Strange Situations"
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Formal study of attachment styles through separation anxiety
Kids come to lab then mom leaves Behavior shows relationship |
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Charles Manson
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Cults
Impending race war- killing whites and framing blacks Charismatic Connection to Beatles |
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Patty Hearst
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Held captive
Violent agenda for social change Influenced by group around her-->bank robbery Stockholm syndrome: convicted as SLA member because acted like one |
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Jim Jones
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Peoples Temple
Kool-Aid |
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David Koresh
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Messiah figure
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Marshall Applewhite
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Heavens Gate Cult
UFO would take them to a better place Mass suicide: alcohol, drugs, bag over head |
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Williams
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Ostracism
Cyberball experiment Need to affiliate and be a member of a group |
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Sherif's 1936 Study
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Conform when situation is ambiguous and you dont know how to behave
Rate direction and amount of dot movement Conform to expectations of other group Internalization |
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Baron's 1996 Study
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Conform when its important to be accurate
Eye witness identification with high vs low importance More conformity in high importance |
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Asch's 1956 Classic Study
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Social Approval
Unambiguous situation of describing lines Conform to what "other" participants said Concerned about being different among complete strangers |
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Festinger
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Founder of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Holding conflicting cognitions produces discomfort (dissonance) "When Prophesy Fails": group beliefs |
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Stanley Milgram
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Obedience and Socking experiment
Will "normal" average people perform evil acts simply because an authority figure asked? Loss of responsibility for participants, situational obligation, science as a legitimate institution |
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Sheridan & King 1972
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Shock puppies
Females were 100% obedient |
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Rosenhan (1973)
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Labeling Bias
"On Being Sane in Insane Places" Cannot distinguish the sane from insane in psychiatric hospitals Labeling is dehumanizing |
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Bleuler
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"Split Mind"
Schizophrenia is a disordered and disintegration of thought |
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Eysneck (1952)
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Deny the claim: psychotherapies don't work
Argued recovery from neuroses occurred for 60% of patients in psychotherapy and 70% with no therapy Spontaneous recovery and regression to the mean Leads to Empirical Validation |
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Smith & Glass (1977)
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Empirical Validation
Study to see if therapy works better than nothing People in therapy are twice as likely to be better off after therapy than someone who isn' t in therapy |
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Mary Cover Jones (1924)
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Counterconditioning
Helped a 3 yr old boy with fear of rabbits |
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Cohen (1991)
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Affects of stress on health
Cold Virus More likely to develop a cold if you have high levels of psychological stress |
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Cohen (1997)
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Social ties on health
Low density social networks create higher risk of developing a cold Need emotional support |
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Marucha (1998)
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Stress and healing time
Dental students given puncture Stress increases healing time |
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Nature
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Biologically determined maturation process produces developmental change
Something we are born with Innate view |
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Nurture
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Experience with environment produces developmental change
Cognitive view |
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Sensitive Period
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Combination of nature and nurture where "best" development occurs
Nature=time window Nurture=experience |
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Language Sensitive Period
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Age you learn to speak like a native
Johnson & Newport (1989) |
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Mozart Effect
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Listen to Mozart= Score higher on intelligence test (false)
Normal Environment with caring parent= enriched environment causing development |
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Habituation Procedure
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Studying development with human who cant speak
How quickly an infant can get bored with a procedure/stimulus Decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations Anticipatory looking/learning |
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Innate Linguistic Ability View of Language
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Born with and evolved specialized centers for acquiring and processing language
Biological Comsky's Language Acquisition Devise Ex: different language similarites in mother and father |
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Language Acquisition Devise
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Noam Comsky
Exposure to language is not required--> hardwired Innate linguistic ability view |
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General Cognitive Ability View
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Nothing "special" about language
Tool we have developed through exposure and evolved brains Environmental Ex: experience language in the womb |
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Feral Child
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Wild or existing in a natural state
Kept in closet from birth-13 years old Not able to develop language Innate: missed the critical period for brain to learn |
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Steps in Language Acquisition
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Crying
1) Cooing 2) Babbling 3) One word utterances 4) Two work utterances -->errors 5) Basic adult language |
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Poverty of Stimulus
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Innate Linguistic & Noam Chomsky
Children have specific innate knowledge of grammar in order to learn so quickly |
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Universal Grammer
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Some languages do not conform to traditional grammatical structure
Language shaped by cultural ancestry and necessity |
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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How logical thinking changes
Thinking involved with problem solving and reasoning Assimilation Accommodation |
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Stage Theory of Development
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Each stage has some characteristic behavior/ability that infants did not have entering that stage
Milestone Foundation for next stage |
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Assimilation
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Perceiving or thinking about new objects in terms of existing knowledge
Try to understand object in a new situation with knowledge you already have |
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Accommodation
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Changing knowledge based on new objects or events
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Piaget's Stages of Development
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1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational 3) Concrete Operational 4) Formal Operational |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Piaget
0-2 years Act on and interact with world by sensory and physicality Thoughts and actions are nearly identical Object concept |
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Object Concept
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Distinguish between actions and thoughts
1) object permanence 2) A-not-B Tast |
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Preoperational Stage
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Piaget
2-7 years Need to have particular ability *Begin to think symbolically *Egocentric: trouble taking others perspective 3 mountains task Cant do mental manipulations |
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Conservation Task
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Understanding objects stay the same with superficial changes
ex: pouring same amount of water in different size cups |
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Concrete Operational Stage
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7-11 years
*Begin to think logically, still concrete Increase in symbolic thought Can do mental manipulations to physical objects Pass conservation task: reason form different perspectives Lack formal reasoning and abstract thinking |
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Formal Operational Stage
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Piaget
12+ years *Ability to think abstractly Pinnacle of logical, scientific reasoning |
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Personality Psychology
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Biologically and environmentally determined characteristics with in the person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Predict and understand behaviors |
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Trait Theory of Personality
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If there are traits to describe human behavior we must have a word for them
Individual personalities are composed broad dispositions |
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Trait
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Relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave a certain way
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Lexical Hypothesis
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Gordon Allport
Personality characteristics will eventually become part of their language More important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word |
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Big 5 Personality Factors
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Spectrum behaviors
Consciousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion |
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Consciousness
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Tendency to show self discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement
Disciplined-->impulsive Organized--> disorganized Careful--> careless *Self regulation ex: just enough to get by= low |
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Agreeableness
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Compassionate, cooperative, and helpful toward others
Trusting-->suspicious ex: considerate and kind= high *Self regulation |
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Neuroticism
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Unpleasant emotional stability
Anxious-->calm Sensitive/nervous-->secure/confident ex: worry a lot=high *Negative emotionality |
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Openness
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Open to new experiences and appreciation for art
Imaginative--> practical Inventive/curious-->consistent/cautious ex: believe in art=high *Negative emotionality |
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Extraversion
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Concern with others and positive emotion
Sociable--> retiring Fun loving--> sober Outgoing/energetic-->solitary/reserved ex: life of the party= high hard to get to know=low *Positive emotionality |
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Temperament
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Individual differences in positive emotionality, ability to self regulate emotion/behavior
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Self Regulation
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Consciousness and Agreeableness
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Negative Emotionality
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Neuroticism and openness
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Positive Emotionality
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Extraversion
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Behavioral Paradigms
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Behavior can be understood and controlled through systematic manipulations of observable environmental events
Study in person in research setting ex: carseat and hold toy out of reach |
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Theory of Cognitive Development
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Vygotsky
Cultural and social factors in the development of thinking Mind is constructed by social forces Mechanisms for social change: Internalization and zone of proximal development |
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Internalization
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Social factors become part of the individual
Internalize knowledge created in social interaction to use when alone ex: using a pencil |
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Gap between current abilities and maximum potential
Working at a level that is not what you can currently do Need social interaction with someone who can teach you Where most change occurs |
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Attachment
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Strong social-emotional bond between a child and caregiver
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Imprinting
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Animal form of attachment
First big object moving around is considered the caregiver Konrad Lorenz |
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Cupboard Theory
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Role of basic biological needs (food) in attachment
Mom is provider of food, no mom=no food=separation anxiety |
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Attachment Theory
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Attachment is caused by the need for comfort, not purely biological needs
Bowlby-relationship to feel safe Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Study |
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Attachment Patterns
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Observing separation anxiety around 6-8 months
Ainsworth's "Strange Situations" Secure Attachment Insecure Ambivalent Attachment Insecure Avoidant Attachment |
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Secure Attachment
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~70%
Nervous when mom leaves Avoid stranger-->anxiety Initiate contact when mom returns |
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Insecure Ambivalent Attachment
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~15%
Clinging and larger affect when mom leaves Approach mom but push away Anxious but unaware of how to resolve with comfort |
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Insecure Avoidant Attachment
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~15%
Avoid mom, dont care that she leaves Notice mom gone--> interact with stranger Notice mom back--> doesnt initiate contact |
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Implications of Attachment
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How you attach has implications for later relationships
Style predicts later behavior Securely attached=better relationships with others Attachment style can influence your own parenting |
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Brainwashing/Cults
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How individuals conform to a larger (dubious) group
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Conformity
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How we alter our behavior to fall in line with a group
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Stockholm Syndrome
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Someone who is held captive will affiliate, associate, and be sympathetic with captors because exposed to their ideas and beliefs
Ex: Patty Hearst |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Attribute a person's behavior to their internal dispositions (personality) and underestimate the influence of the situation
Focus on internal state, not situation, to explain behavior |
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Ostracism
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Exclusion from a society or group
William's Cyberball |
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Time of Conformity
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Conform when situation is ambiguous and you dont know how to behave-Sherif
Conform when its important to be accurate-Boron |
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Causes of Conformity
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Social Approval- Asch
Social Roles- Stanford Prison Study Cognitive dissonance- Zimbardo Grasshopper |
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Informational Influence
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Conform because you want to be correct
Sherif & Baron Study |
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Normative Influence
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Conform because we want to be liked and accepted
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Social Approval
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Dont want to go against group because of negative consequences
Asch's 1956 Classical Study |
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Social Roles
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Conform to expected behavior of a given role
Stanford Prison Study |
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Stanford Prison Study
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Mock prison study
Adopted social roles: guards=authoritative Can get lost in a social role and conform to expectations of this role |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Inconsistent thoughts beliefs or attitudes
Discomfort produced if self image is challenged Believing one way and acting another Festinger- holding conflicting cognitions produces discomfort (dissonance) Zimbardo Study |
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Zimbardo Study
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Military recruits ordered to eat fried grasshoppers
Unpleasant vs nice officer Unpleasant= taste better have dissonance |
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Social Psychology
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How ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by others (society)
Attraction Group setting Authority Cultural norms |
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Obedience
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Compliance with a request due to the perception that the "requestor" has a legitimate right to make that request
Requestor has authority |
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Conformity
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Pressure to do something from those that are at the same level as you
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Psychopathy (Abnormal Psychology)
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Mental Illness or Disorder
1) Abnormal is infrequent (stat. rare) 2) Abnormal is devient (violate social norms) 3) Abnormal is maladaptive (harmful) 4) Abnormal is unjustifiable (no explanation) |
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DSM-5
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Lists clinical symptoms of different disorders Criteria must be met for diagnosis |
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Comorbity
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Co-occurance
Same criteria appear in different diagnoses ex: anxiety and depression |
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Schizophrenia
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Most serious psychopathalogical state
Rare Breakdown in relationship to thought, emotion, and behavior leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal, and fragmentation Bleuler-"split mind" disordered and disintegration of thought |
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Characteristics of Schizophrenia
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Disorder of cognition
Social Isolation Hallucinations, delusions, false beliefs Disturbance of Affect (emotion) |
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Disorder of Cognition
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Thought Disturbances
Cant inhibit irrelevant thoughts Attention- loosening of association |
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Disturbance of Affect (emotion)
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Patients do not express the right emotion (affect) for the right situation
Flat/inappropriate affect |
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Anxiety Disorders
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Fear or anxiety that is crippling and causes you to behave abnormally
Generalized Anxiety Diorder Social Anxiety Disorder Specific phobias ex: PTSD, OCD |
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Phobia
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Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation that is excessive given the reality of the threat
ex: Howard Hughes: fear of germs and dust- comorbid with OCD May be genetic or classical conditioning |
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Clinical Psychologist
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Diagnose mental disorders and identify psychological or contextual factors that may contribute to the disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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DSM-5 criteria: 5 of listed criteria present all day for at least 2 weeks
Must have at least one major symptom: Depressed mood Anhedonia: loss of interest/pleasure |
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Bipolar Disorder
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Manic Episode: at least one in lifetime
Hypomanic episode Major depressive episode |
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Manic Episode
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Distinct period of elevated or irritable mood
Increased goal oriented activity or energy ex: "Manic Mechanic" Rapid speech, inability to concentrate, thought he found the cure for cancer (goal oriented), delude sense of reality |
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Hypomanic Episode
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At least one week long
Same as manic episode but occurs for less than a week Not required for diagnosis of bipolar |
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Major Depressive Episode
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Same as MDD criteria
Depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure Not required for diagnosis of bipolar |
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Exposure to a traumatic event-threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence- by directly experiencing, witnessing, or learning it happened to a friend or family
Intense fear, helplessness or horror Intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition/mood, arousal |
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Symptom Clusters of PTSD
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Occur longer than 1 month
1) Intrusions: traumatic event is persistently re-experienced 2) Avoidance: persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma 3) Negative alterations in cognition/mood: inability to remember event, negative beliefs, detachment 4) Arousal: persistent symptoms of increased arousal |
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Acute Stress Disorder
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Same symptoms as PTSD occurring for at least 3 days and no longer than one month
Acute--->PTSD |
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Diathesis Stress Model
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Explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences
Diathesis: genetic predisposition Stress: environmental factors If combination of predisposition and stress exceed a threshold the person will develop a disorder |
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Trephining
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An act or instance perforating the skull with a surgical instrument
Release demons that cause psychopathy Middle ages |
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Asylums
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Hospitals for the mentally insane that made no attempt to actually cure, only to keep those who were different out of mainstream society
Treated like animals or criminals |
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Pathology Model
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Overt symptoms are due to an underlying cause
Goal of therapy--> remove underlying cause Somatogenic: biological/organic Psychogenic: psychological |
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Defining Better Therapies
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1) Deny the claim: psychotherapies don't work-Eysneck
2) Conduct experiments-Smith and Glass |
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Empirical Validation
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A therapy has some evidence to suggest that it is better than doing nothing
Smith and Glass |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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Negative patterns of thought about the self and world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders
Empirically validated for treating various disorders Cognitive: reconstruct thoughts Behavioral: positive behavior change |
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Counterconditioning
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Mary Cover Jones (1924)
Conditioning of an unwanted behavior into a wanted behavior by the association of positive actions with the stimulus |
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Exposure Therapy
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Expose patients to fear in a neutral setting so fear is unlearned
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Systematic Desensitization
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Exposure therapy
Relaxation techniques and gradual exposure ex: airlines used to use it |
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Health Psychology
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Studies how people stay healthy, become ill, and respond to being ill
How psychological factors affect health Behavioral choices Individual factors Environmental factors |
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Biopsychosocial Model of Health
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How lifestyle/behavioral factors influence illness
How biological, psychological, and social factors influence physical health Cohen-common cold and stress and social ties Pennebaker-journals |
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Stress
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Process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Body's short term and long term reaction to stress
1. alarm reaction (mobile) 2. resistance (cope) 3. exhaustion (reserves depleted) *Body's resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in |
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Eustress
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"Good" Stress
Motivates individual to make necessary changes Helps achieve homeostasis ex: too hot--> move to shade |
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Homeostasis
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Balance all organisms require to survive and thrive
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Distress
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"Bad" Stress
Uncontrollable or inescapable exposure to stressor Leads to allostasis ex: heart arrhythmia and high BP Distant, Chronic, Acute |
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Distant Distress
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Traumatic event experiences that occurred in the past but continue to affect the person emotionally
ex: childhood abuse |
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Chronic Distress
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Usually do not have an end in sight
ex: long term unemployment |
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Acute Distress
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Stressor that does have an end in sight and can range in severity
ex: finals |
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Stress Response
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Pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceeds a person's resources
Reaction by sympathetic nervous system |
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Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
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Releases stress hormones
Disregulated in individuals experiencing chronic stress Suppresses immune system |
