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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The psychoogical and bodily response to a stimulus that alters your equilibrium
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Stress
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The stimulus that throws the body's equilibrium out of balance.
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Stressor
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The body's response to the stressor
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Stress Response
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A short term stressor
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ACute Stressor
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A long term stressor
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Chronic Stressor
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Cognitive Stress occurs in how many phases?
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Two
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The stimulus is assessed for the likelihood of danger (Am I in danger?)
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Primary Appraisal
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Determining what resources are available to deal with the stressor (What can I do about it?
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Secondary Appraisal
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This occurs after Secondary Appraisal and involves taking some course of action regarding the stressor.
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Coping
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The emotional predicamenet people experience when they make difficult choices.
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Internal Conflict
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Internal Conflict: this results when competing alternatives are equally positive. For example, you can only accept one invitation but you have received two from persons you like.
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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Internal Conflict: This results when competing alternatives are equally unpleasant. For example, you don't want to take a test for which you are unprepared, but you don't want to just cut the class.
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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Internal Conflict: Occurs when a course of action has both positive and negative aspects. For example, you want to have several drinks at a party, but you don't want to have to drive home. Note that any of our habits that are health rissks can potentially involved this type of conflict such as smoking, eating tasty but unhealthy foods, drinking, etc.
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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The ______________ system functions to defend the body against infection.
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Immune
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What are the two classes of white cells?
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B Cells and T Cells
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The type of white cells that mature in the bone marrow.
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B Cells
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The type of white cells that mature in the Thymus
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T Cells
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A type of T cell that detects and destroys damaged or altered cells such as precancerous cells before they become a tumor.
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Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
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The theory that states dreams are the royal road to unconscious. Dreams allow us to fulfill unconscious desires or wishes. Dreams have a manifest content (the obvious content) and a latent content (the symbolic content)
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Freudian Theory
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A study that took 350 Stroke patients, many had chagnes in the nature of their dreams following their strokes. Patients who damage which disconnected parts of the frontal cortext from the brainstem and had no dreams.
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The Solms (1997) study at the London Hospital Medical College
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Uncontrollably falling off to sleep
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Narcolepsy
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Know this about Insomnia:
a. Anxiety and depression can both cause chronic insomnia b. Half of the adults in the US experience occasional insomnia c. Barbiturates or other sleep suppressants are addictive. Continued use results in increased tolerance and great sleeping difficulty. Their use suppresses REM sleep. |
no answer, just be familiar with those facts.
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A disorder characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep
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Sleep Apnea
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Purposefully trying not to think about something emotionally arousing or distressing.
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Thought Suppression
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Some people are more likely to make a negative appraisal of an abiguous or neutral stimulus sand misread the intention of others, this bias could lead to aggressive behavior.
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Hostile Attribution Bias
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_____________ Dependence, which is a physiological addiction, is a dependence that involves two primary features.
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Alcohol
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As one continues to drink fairly heavily over a period of days, weeks, or months, it will require increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve the same phsyical and psychological state
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Tolerance, one of the two features of Alcohol Dependence
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This occurs when a person who is physiologically dependent on alcohol (or other drugs) stops the drug abruptly. This may include heightened anxiety, profuse sweating, ahllucinatory experiences, and various sensory sensations such as crawling of the skin. This can drastically affect electrolytests, and can lead to cardiac problems. Death may be one consequence of untreated ___________.
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Withdrawal, one of the two features of Alcohol Dependence
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Enhanced sense of physical and mental capacity/diminshed appetite. Chronic use often results in paranoia, teeth grinding, and visual disturbances such as seeing snow, or feeling insects crawling on skin. Use is associated with pleasurable, euphoric feeling.
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Cocaine
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Cocaine in crystalline form usually smoked in a pipe. This drug is faster acting and has more intense effects that Cocaine in powder form. Effects last only a few minutes, leading the user to take greater amts. than users of powdered cocaine. This drug has a very high potential for abuse and dependence.
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Crack
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Synethetic stimulants such as Benzedrine and Dexedrine- usually taken in pill form or injected.
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Amphetamines
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User can develop ______________ psychois- similar to paranoid schizophrenia. Symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, and pronounced paranoia.
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Amphetamine
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Know these three things about ABNORMALITY:
1. Statistical Definition: Abnormality as deviance from a statistical norm. 2. Abnormality as a departure from 'Cultural Norms' 3. Abnormality as a 'Troublesome Behavior' |
NO ANSWER!
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A predisposition to state or condition
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Diathesis
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Specific factors which combine with the predisposition, trigger the disorder
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Stree of the Diathesis-Stress Model
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The model that shows because of certain biological factors, some people may be more susceptible to developing a particular disorder, but without certain environmental stressors, the disorder is not triggered.
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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The _______ is referred to as a multi-axial system (five axes)
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DSM IV
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Of the DSM IV: the axis for clinical disorders.
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Axis I
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Of the DSM IV: the axis for personality disorders and mental retardation
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Axis II
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Of the DSM IV: the axis for any general medical condition that might be relevant to a diagnosis.
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Axis III
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In the DSM IV: the axis that identifies pyschosocial or environmental problems
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Axis IV
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In the DSM IV: the axis that records the patient's hightest level of funtioning within the past year
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Axis V
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AT least two weeks of depressed mood along with sleep or eating disturbances, loss of interest in almost all activities, loss of energy and feelings of hopelessness.
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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One or more manic episodes, often followed by depression
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Bipolar Disorder
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A state involving intense fear, usually triggered by an external stimulus
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Anxiety Disorder
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Excessive anxiety that it not consistently related to any particular external event.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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What are the four major types of Anxiety Disorders?
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Panic Disorder, Phobias, OCD, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Panic attacks involving chest pains, breathing problems, nausea, sweating and dizziness - often leads to a visit to the ER because the person believes he or she is having a heart attack.
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Panic Disorder
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Know this about Phobias
1. Social Phobias: also called Social Anxiety Disorder 2. Specific Phobias |
NO ANSWER, but smile!!
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Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that feel intrusive and inappropriate
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Obsessions
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Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that some people feel compelled to perform in response to an obsession
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Compulsions
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Three conditions of this disorder must be met...
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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1. A person witnesses an event that involved actual or threatened serious injury or death.
2. The traumatized person responds with fear and helplessness 3. The traumatized individual experiences three sets of symptoms: persisting re-experiencing of the traumatic evenet, a persistent avoidance of anything to do with the traumatic event and heightened arousal often assoicated with a startle response. |
The tree conditions in order to have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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A pyschotic disoder that profoundly alters affect, behavior and cognition particularly the patter or form of thought.
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Schizophrenia
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Delusision, Hallucinations, disordered behavior, disorganized speech
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The positive symptoms of Zchizophrenia
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Flat affect, slow empty replies to questions.
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The Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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The inability to initiate goal directed behavior
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Avolition
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Persons who are biologically vulnerable and stress triggers the manifestation of the symptoms
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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A potentially fatal disorder bin whcih there is refusal to maintain even a low normal weight. Of those hospitalized for the disorder, approximately 10% will die, usually from CVD's caused by severe malnutrition.
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Recurrent episodes of binge eating usually followed by efforts to rid the body of the food by vomiting or laxatives.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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A set of relatively stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or diffficulty in daily functioning
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Personality Disorder
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A set of relatively stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or difficulty in daily functioning.
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Personality Disorder
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In this type of therapy, the focus is on changing observable, measurable behavior.
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Behavior Therapy
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Techniques based on Classical Conditioning: A procedure that teaches people to relax in the presense of a feared situation
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Systematic Desentization
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Techniques based on Classical Conditioning: A relaxation technique whereby the muscles are sequentially relaxed from one end of the body to the other.
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Progressive Muscle Relaxation
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Techniques based on Classical Conditioning: Patients are asked to expose themselves to the feared stimulus in a planned and gradual way.
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Exposure
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Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning: changing the behavior by setting the appropriate response contingences or behaviors that will earn reinforcement.
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Behavior Modification
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Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning: Daily logs used for a variety of problems
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Self-Monitoring Techniques
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Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning: Patients observe other people interacting with the feared stimulus
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Techniques BAsed on Observational Learning
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The type of therapy where the focus is on the client's thoughts rather than feelings or behaviors and the role of attempts to think rationally in the control of distressing feelings and behaviors.
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Cognitive Therapy
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Attempts to help clients distinguish between a thought that is a "must" and one that is a "prefer." Must thoughts are often irrational. For example, believing that people "must" like you is unrealistic or irrational whereas you would "prefer" that they like you, is closer to rational thinking
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Albert Ellis (Rational Emotive Therapy)
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the first medication of this type played a mjaor role in virtuall yending prefrontal lobotomies and transorbital leucotomies. Examples are
Thorazine and Haldol, both of which reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoid though, but can produce serious permanent side effects. |
Anitpyschotic Medication:
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A serious side effect of the antipsychoitc medications.
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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Schizophrenia and parkinson's disease are both associated with low levels of what?
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Dopamine
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The effects of antipsychotic medications reduces ____________ activity
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Dopamine
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Exampe: Tranylcypromine (Parnate). 1st anti-depressant med to be discovered.People on this type of medication can not eat foods that contain tyramine, like wine and cheese, because it could lead to fatal hypertension.
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Monoaminine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors)
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What are some examples of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors?
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Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil
*note that side effects are: nervousness, fatigue, GI complaints, dizziness, headaches, and insomnia |
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A treatment developed in the 1930s for Schizophrenia. This is also used for patients with depression (when other meds don't work)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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Working with the family as a whole. Most often from the theoretical framework of Systems Therapy which treats the family as a whole in the patient, but views the client as the identified patient
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Family Therapy
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Know that: Generally Cognitive and Interpersonal therapies are effeective in treating depression; response prevention is effective with OCD, exposure works well with specific phobias.
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Just facts...
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Insight-Oriented Therapies, _____________ (name) ________ engaged in extensive research and sought to build a research based system that emphasized warmth, genuiness, and empathy as three primary characteristics of an effective therapist.
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Carl Rogers
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Which medications/therapy work best for what: Depression...
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Cognitive Behavioral approaches
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Which medications/therapy work best for what: Anxiety...
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Exposure for people with phobias, Response prevention for those with OCD
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Which works best for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders??
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Meication is better than psychotherapy, therapy may help while the patient is on medication
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Know that cultural factors could affect the relationship between a therapist and client
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none
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An overall evaluation about some aspect of the world - people, issues, or objects. There are three components of this...
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Attitude
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what are the three components of attitude?
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Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive
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Your feelings about an object or an issue
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Affective (attitude)
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Your predisposition to act in a particular way, not how you normally act, but how you feel inclined to act.
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Behavioral (attitude)
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What you velieve or know about the object or the issue
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Cognitive (attitude)
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An uncomfortable state that arises when there is a discrepancy between attitude and behavior or between two attitudes
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Efforts to change attitudes
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Persuasion
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Proposes that there are two avenues of change
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Elaboration Likelihood Model of attitude change
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A belied or set of beliefs about people in a particular social category, the category can be dinfed by race, sex, social class, religion or numerous other possible characterisitics.
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Sterotypes
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An "attitude" , generally negative, towards members of a group, it includes beliefs and expecations about the group but also an emotional component
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Prejudice
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Suffering the effects of prejudiced behavior
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Discrimination
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What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination
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Prejudice is the action and discrimination is the effects of prejudice's behavior.
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The belief that prejudice arises as groups compete for resources such as good housing, jobs, and schools.
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Realistic Conflict Theory
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Cognitive shortcuts for determineing attributions, usually outside our awareness.
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Attribution Biases
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The strong tendency to interpret other people's behavniors as caused by internal causes rather than external ones.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The inclination to attribute your own failures to external causes but the failure of others to internal causes
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Slef-Serving Bias
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A tendency to assume that cultures, countries, or people "get what they deserve"
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Blief in a Just World
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The intense, often sudden feelin of being "in love" including sexual attraction. A desire for mutual love and phsyical closeness, arousal, and a fear that the relationship will end.
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Passionate Love
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Characterized by a very close friendship, mutual caring, liking, respect, and attraction
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Compassionate Love
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Who has the Triangular Model of love that consists of three dimensions?
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Robert Sternberg
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What are the three dimensions of love?
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Passion, Intimacy, and Committment
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Passion is...?
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Including sexual desire
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Emotional Closeness and sharing
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Intimacy
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The conscious decision to be in the relationship
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committment
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Sternberg maintains that only a _____________ love involes all three of the three demensions of love components.
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Consummate Love
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A change in behavior brought about through a direct request rather than by social norms
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Compliance
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What are the three techniques of Compliance?
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Foot in the door, lowball, and door in the face
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This technique works often, first you make an insignificant request. IF there is compliance you follow up with a larger request
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Foot in the door technique of compliance
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You first get someone to agree, then you increase the cost of agreement
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Lowball Technique of Compliance
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You begin by making a very large request When it is denied, you make the smaller request which you actually wanted.
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Door in the face technique of compliance
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The study in which participants were ordered to inflict pain on a confederate
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Milgram's Study
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When the responsibility is spread out, some members may be liekyl to let other members work harder.
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Social Loafing
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When performance increases as a result of just being in the presence of other people
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Social Facilitation
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What does Bystander Intervention all involve:
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1. The case of Catherine Genovese, The bystander Effect, Diffusion of Repsonsibility
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"Kitty" as she was known by neighbors, was brutally stabbed to death for 35 minutes while viewd by atleast 35 witnesses in Queens, NY. one one helped...
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The case of Catherine Genovese
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It was hypothesized that if only a few people witnessed the above events, they would have been more liekly to help. But it was found that if there were only two persons listening for pleas for help by a confederate, they were more liekly to help than iif there were tree presons listening to please for help over a speaker.
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The Bystander Effect
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The more bystanders tehre are the less each feels the repsonsibility to help.
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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A type of therapy that tires to help clients distinguis between a thought that is a "must" and one that is a prefer" For example, believing that people must like you is unrealistic or irrational where as you would prefer if everyone liked you is more realistic
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Albert Ellis (Rational Emotional Therapy)
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The theory involves helping the client shift thier thinking away from 'automatic' dysfunction thoughts to more realistic ones, a technique called Cognitive Restructuring
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Aaron Beck's Cognitive Theory
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Treatment that combines Behavioral techniques to change behavior and Cognitive techniques to change thoughts that affect feelings and behavior.
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Cognitive Behavior Therpay (CBT)
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A type of therapy that assumes if a person truly understnads the causes of distressing symptoms, the symptoms will diminish
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Insight-oriented therapy
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An intensive form of therapy directly linked to Freuds theory of personality, the goal is to help clients understand the unconscious motivations that lead them to behave in specific ways
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Psychoanalysis
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Techniques of psychoanalysis include:
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Free association, Dream Analysis, and Extensive Therapy
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Based on psychoanalytic theory but involves far briefer contacts in therapy (12-20 visits)
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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Client-Centered therapy, focuses on people's potential for growth and the imporatnce of empathic therapist.
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Humanistic Therapy
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