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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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Particular pattern of behavior and thinking that is unique to the individual, prevails across time, and is situational.
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Ethology
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The study of animal behavior.
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Humoral theories of personality
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Based on 4 bodily fluids: melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine, and choleric.
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Trait theory of personality
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Gordon Allport finds 18,000 entries that describe aspects of personality. Human language reflects the extent to which people think about themselves and others.
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Cardinal Traits
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Allport's Hierarchy of traits: Highly dominant trait.
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Central Traits
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Allport's Hierarchy of traits: Less influential.
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Secondary Characteristics
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Allport's Hierarchy of traits: a bit of a troublemaker.
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Raymond Cattell
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Using factor analysis, managed to reduce the number of traits to 16.
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Hans Eysenck
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Identifies 3 personality traits.
Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism (emotionally unstable)/emotionally stable Psychoticism/self control |
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Social Cognitive Theory
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(social learning): Consequences of behavior and individual's belief about these consequences determine personality.
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Behavior, environment, and cognitive factors determine personality.
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Self-efficacy
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Knowing how to act in a given situation and be successful. Understand the contingencies & how to elicit them.
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Situationism
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Traits are revealed by situations in which we find ourselves.
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Locus of Control
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With or outside the individual.
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Key ideas of Freud's theory
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- Mind consists of two major components: the conscious and the unconscious.
- The unconscious exerts control over our conscious behavior. - Psychodynamic theory: we attempt to reduce the influence of the unconscious. |
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Id
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- Occupies the unconscious: contains the libido, a variety of instincts such as sexual drive and aggression.
- It is "uncivilized" and it's governed by the pleasure principle (immediate gratification) |
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Superego
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Conscience: the rules your parents & society have taught you.
Ego-ideal: ideals you strive for. - Superego and id are in direct conflict. |
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Ego
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The part of consciousness that thinks and integrates behavior. It's governed by the reality principle and it mediates in the conflict between id and superego.
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Oral Stage
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0 - 1 year of age: sucking, oral gratification. Unresolved issues lay groundwork for aggressive personality; smoking, excessive eating.
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Anal Stage
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1 - 2 years of age: toilet training. Unresolved issues lead to "excessive neatness." Obsessive compulsive behavior, rigid personality, authoritarian behavior?
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Phallic Stage
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3 - 4 years of age: discovers sexual organs; beginning of "emotional, sexual attachment" to parent of opposite sex.
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Resolution
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Identification with same sex parent.
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Latent Stage
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6 - 11 years of age: Quiet period from a psychosexual standpoint.
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Genital Stage
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12- adolescent years: Contact with other sex.
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Humanist Psychology
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Emphasis on personal growth, life satisfaction, positive human values, self-actualization.
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Self Actualization
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(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - Personal growth & fulfillment.
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Esteem Needs
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(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation.
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Belongingness & Love Needs
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(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - Family, affection, relationships, work group, etc.
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Safety Needs
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(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability
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Biological & Physiological Needs
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(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - Basic life needs; air, food, water, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
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Psychopathology
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Diseases of the mind.
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Medical model
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Abnormal behavior seen as a disease.
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Etiology
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Apparent cause & developmental history of illness.
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Prognosis
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Forecast about probable course of illness.
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Deviation
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(Criteria of abnormal behavior) - Behavior deviates from what society considers acceptable.
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Maladaptive behavior
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(Criteria of abnormal behavior) - Everyday adaptive behavior is impaired (substance abuse)
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Personal Distress
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(Criteria of abnormal behavior) - Depression; individual's self-report.
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DSM (Diagnostic Statistical Manual)
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A document that describes all psychological & psychiatric conditions.
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Epidemiology
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Incidence and distribution of psychological disorders in a population in a specified time period.
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Anxiety Disorders
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Marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. There are four major types.
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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(Anxiety Disorders) - Chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat (free-floating anxiety)
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Phobic disorders
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(Anxiety Disorders) - Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorders
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(Anxiety Disorders) - Persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals.
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Panic disorders
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(Anxiety Disorders) - Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly.
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Somatoform Disorders
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The effect of psychological stress on the bodily functions. No organic basis. Two major kinds
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Conversion disorder
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(Somatoform Disorders) - Loss of physical function in a single organ ('hysterical" blindness, deafness, etc)
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Hypochondria
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(Somatoform Disorders) - Excessive preoccupation with health and excessive worry about developing a disease.
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Malingering
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(Somatoform Disorders) - Feigning a disease for personal gain (not a disorder)
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Personality Disorders
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Severely maladaptive behaviors
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Anti-social personality disorder
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(Personality Disorders) - Impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms.
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Dissociative Personality Disorders
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A disorder where somebody's social functioning collapses.
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Psychogenic fugue
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(Dissociative Personality Disorders) - Individual loses contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in loss of their identity.
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Multiple Personality disorder
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(Dissociative Personality Disorders) - Co-existence in one person of two or more complete, very different personalities.
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Mood
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Disturbance of emotion - so strong that it spills over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.
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Unipolar disorder
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Episodal - individual has persisten feelings of sadness and despair and lost interest in previous sources of pleasure.
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Bipolar disorder
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Person experiences manic and depressive episodes.
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Cyclothymic
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Mild form of bipolar disorder.
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Dysthymic
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Mild form of unipolar disorder.
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Schizophrenia
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Disturbance in thought that spills over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional precesses, loss of sense of decorum.
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Decorum
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The social setting you are in.
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur.
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to motor restlessness.
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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Maladaptive behavior - emotional indifference, incoherence, social withdrawal, aimless babbling & giggling.
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