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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is learning?
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a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
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what are the three major theories of learning?
who was the theorist behind them? |
classical conditioning-Pavlov
operant conditioning-Watson, Skinner observational learning: Bandura |
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What is classical conditioning?
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associative learning: associating certain stimuli with other stimuli
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How did Pavlov's experiment illustrate classical conditioning?
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made dogs salivate by associating bell with food
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What is associative learning?
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associating certain stimuli with other stimuli
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In what order are the stimuli presented to achieve classical conditioning?
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conditioned, then unconditioned
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Unconditioned response (UCR)
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automatic unlearned response to stimulus, usually psychological
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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any stimulus that produces an unconditioned response
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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previously neutral stimulus that becomes paired with unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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response to the conditioned stimulus
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what is the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?
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when association between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are paired
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what is the definition of extinction in classical conditioning?
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presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus
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what is spontaneous recovery?
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a while after extinction if the stimulus is presented again without the unconditioned stimulus the subject might have the conditioned response
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what happens in stimulus generalization?
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elicit a conditioned response based on a variety of conditioned stimulus
ex: dogs respond to any bell |
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what happens in stimulus discrimination?
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a conditioned response only occurs when a specific conditioned stimulus is present
ex: dogs only respond to a specific bell |
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what is forward conditioning?
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present conditioned stimulus before unconditioned stimulus
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what is backward conditioning?
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present unconditioned stimulus then conditioned stimulus
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what is higher order conditioning?
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creating a conditioned response from a conditioned stimulus that was never paired with an unconditioned stimulus
ex: light (cs) then bell (cs) then salivate light was never paired with food but since the bell was you can pair the light with the bell |
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what type of conditioning is most effective?
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forward conditioning
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exception to most effective conditioning?
hint: garcias work |
rats drank sugar, exposed to radiation, got sick, soon rats got sick before radiation
-rats got conditioned response even though time btw getting sugar and getting sick after radiation was hours long (it was a defense mechanism like food poisoning) |
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what are the differences between reinforcement and punishment
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reinforcement increases frequency of behavior
punishment decreases frequency of behavior |
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what is the law of effect and who developed it?
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if an organism performs a behavior followed by a positive consequence they are likely to perform it again under similar circumstances
developed by thorndike |
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what are primary reinforcers?
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always have positive consequence, inheritantly rewarding in themselves and usually biological necessities
ex: food, sleep, sex, praise |
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what are secondary reinforcers?
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valuable because they provide access to primary reinforcers
ex: money, job, beauty |
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what is positive reinforcement?
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application of rewarding consequence to increase frequency of behavior
ex: a bonus, candy |
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what is negative reinforcement?
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removal of an aversive stimulus to increase frequency of behavior
ex: do well on exam so teacher takes away hw for the night |
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what is positive punishment?
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administer an aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior
ex: give hw to a loud class, yell at a kid for misbehaving |
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what is negative punishment?
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take away a rewarding stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior
ex: timeout, no dessert |
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how does shaping happen?
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take a complex behavior and reinforce successive approximations of it
ex teaching kid to eat with spoon picks up spoon: reinforce puts spoon in cereal: reinforce brings spoon near mouth: reinforce eats cereal with spoon: reinforce |
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continuous schedule of reinforcement
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every time behavior occurs reinforcement applied
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intermittent/partial schedule of reinforcement
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organism is only rewarded at certain time
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fixed interval
partial schedule of reinforcement |
behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has elapsed
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variable interval
partial schedule of reinforcement |
behaviors reinforced after a specific amount of time has elapsed but the amount of time changes every time
ex: pop quizzes |
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fixed ratio
partial schedule of reinforcement |
reinforcement occurs after a certain number of behaviors are performed
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variable ratio
partial schedule of reinforcement |
reinforcement occurs after a number of behaviors has occurred but the number changes every time
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what is the most effective schedule of reinforcement?
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variable ratio
ex: slot machines |
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what schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction?
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variable ratio
then variable interval |
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what are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?
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-classical: involuntary behavior controlled by prior events
-operant: voluntary behavior controlled by events after -extinction of classical:CS with no UCS -extinction of operant: no reinforcement |
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what is observational learning?
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capable of learning without a consequence, learn through watching others and their consequences
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Banduras experiment
(BoBo doll) |
kids who saw the instructor beat the doll were more likely to be violent toward the doll when they were placed in a room with it
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what is memory?
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persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information
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what is encoding?
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linking the memory to something so you can find it again
-bad encoding leads to poor retrieval |
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what is storage?
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where the memory is stored and how easily you can find it
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what are the different types of memory?
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short term, long term, working
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short term memory
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-lasts 30-90 seconds
-helps consolidate things into long term memory -can hold 5-9 pieces of info at once |
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long term memory
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-no time limit
-can hold infinite pieces of information at once |
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working memory
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-used to accomplish tasks
-uses long term memory |
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what are the differences between automatic and effortful processing?
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automatic-life events, what you did yesterday, basic motor functions, takes no effort in remembering
effortful-anything not processed automatically, math |
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why is rehearsal important?
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it helps us to encode things better in order for us to better remember things
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what is the spacing effect
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we encode info better in smaller pieces over longer periods of time
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what is the serial position effect?
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when memorizing large amounts of info, stuff in the middle is hardest to remember
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primacy effect
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more likely to remember things from the beginning
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recency effect
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more likely to remember things that happened more recently
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what are the different types of encoding?
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semantic: meaning
acoustic: sound visual: images |
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mnemonic devices
(memory aids) |
-chunking/ grouping, ex: phone number
-rhymes -acronyms -visual association -method of loci: placing items in house |
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types of recalling info
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cued: you have a clue, ex: fill in blank
free: no clue, ex: short answer |
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site dependent learning/memory
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we have greater recall when asked to recall info in the environment in which we learned it
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state dependent learning/memory
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we have greater recall when asked to recall info when we are in the same psychological state in which we learned it
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difference between retroactive and proactive interference
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-proactive: old info interferes with ability to learn or recall new info, ex: learning new language
-retroactive: new info interferes with ability to learn or recall old info |
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latent memory
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ability to recall things we don't pay conscious attention to
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what is motivation?
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need or desire that serves to energize our behavior and direct it toward a goal
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what is an instinct?
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a complex, unlearned behavior
ex: survival |
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what is drive-reduction theory?
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you do something to reduce an uncomfortable situation
ex: heat to reduce hunger, sleep to reduce exhaustion |
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how is homeostasis a factor in motivation?
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people strive to maintain balance
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how are incentives important in motivation?
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they motivate people by giving them a reward at the end
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what is the general concept behind maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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you need to take care of things at bottom of period before things at the top
need to worry about have shelter and food before you can worry about love |
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what physiological factors affect hunger?
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stomach contractions, body chemistry, try to maintain a certain food level/ body weight, basal metabolic rate
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what psychological factors affect hunger?
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classical conditioning (time of day, environment), external cues, societal/cultural norms, family eating habits, eating disorders
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what physiological factors affect sexual drive?
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procreation, hormones
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what psychological factors affect sexual drive?
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external cues, sexual disorders
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what factors affect sexual orientation?
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-is it physiological or psychological?
-scientists say biological -nature vs nurture debate |
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what is sexual re-orientation therapy?
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-changing ones sexual orientation
-mostly religious people |
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what affects achievement motivation
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-internal self, external factors (money, power)
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how can you cultivate intrinsic motivation?
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-doing what they enjoy
-pair intrinsic w/ extrinsic, ex give compliments with a bonus |
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what is an I/O psychologist and what do they do?
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-industrial organization psychologist
-promote teamwork, match ppl w/ jobs, evaluate performance, motivate w/ incentives |
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what are the different types of leadership?
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-task leadership: lead completion of task, usually unskilled labor
-social leadership: promote teamwork, make sure morale is good |
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what are the different types of leaders?
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theory X leaders: engage in task leadership, believe people won't work as well w/o supervision and are extrinsically motivated
theory y leaders: engage in social leadership, believe people will complete job on own and are intrinsically motivated |
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what are the three areas of the organism that are affected by emotions?
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-physiological activation:anger: muscle tension, heart races
-expressive behaviors: show others our emotion: anger: yell, face is tense -conscious awareness: aware were feeling something but not always sure what it is |
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what are the three major theories of emotion and how do they differ?
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-James Lange: first physiological activation then emotional experience
-Cannon-Bard: physiological activation and emotional experience happen simultaneously -Schaters Two Factor Theory: first physiological activation, then cognitive label, then emotional experience 1. pounding heart then fear 2. pounding heart and fear 3. pounding heart, im scared, fear |
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what is the basic biological route of emotion?
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see something, goes to thalamus (sensory reception), to visual cortex, to amygdala (raw emotion)
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how does the biological route of emotion change during fear?
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thalamus shortcuts it and sends it straight to amygdala without going to visual cortex
-feel emotion before you know what your scared of ex: jumping in haunted house |
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how does the emotional arousal affect performance on easy task, moderate, and difficult tasks?
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easy: better to have high arousal so you dont get bored
complex task: better to have low arousal so you can focus better |
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how do we non-verbally express emotion?
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facial expressions, body language
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what are the important cultural aspects of non-verbal emotional expression?
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facial expressions are universal other non verbal communicators are not, ex; personal space, volume, hand gestures
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what is the difference between a hard-wired and learned fear?
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-hard-wired: natural fear, ex: dark, heights, fire, death
-learned: guns, most things |
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what is the feel-good-do-good phenomenon?
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happy people will do things for other people
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adaption level phenomenon
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we measure our emotional intensity based on our baseline
baseline=numb not happy or sad |
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relative deprivation
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human nature to think we are worse off than other people
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opponent process theory of emotion
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quality of emotional experience depends on experience of opposite emotion (can't be happy if you've never been sad)
ex: ski down black diamond terrified, at bottom you're ecstatic |
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what is stress?
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process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events
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what is the stress response?
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cerebral cortex perceives stressor
sympathetic nervous system releases stress hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands pituitary hormone in the blood stream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol |
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what does appraisal have to do with stress
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you either take it as a threat (i can't do this) or a challenge (i have to apply everything i know)
depending on the appraisal you will have different responses threat: panic, freeze challenge: aroused, focused |
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how do major stressors and daily hassles contribute to the stress response?
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daily hassles build up to have the same effect of major stressors
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general adaptation syndrome
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phase one: alarm reaction, mobilize resources, slight drop in stress resistance
phase two: resistance, cope with stressor, stress resistance climax phase three: exhaustion, reserves depleted |
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whats the relationship between health and stress
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-people dont eat healthy or exercise
-people smoke or drink -immune system functioning decrease |
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how is stress linked to illness and disease
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psychoneuroimmunology: stress reduces immune system which leads to disease
and behavior changes ie: smoking |
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what role does psychology play in stress and health
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helps people deal with stress
controlling stress has positive health impact |
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psychoneuroimmunology
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immune system functioning decreases and disease increases
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why are health behaviors more important now that 100 years ago
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today diseases are life style related compared to the bacterial diseases in 1900
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HPA system and immunity
HPA: hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal |
they are linked
stress affects immunity because if stress response is prolonged it compromises immune system by decreasing production of lymphocytes |
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smoking
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cancer, heart disease, largest cause of cancer, worst thing you can do
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physical activity
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best thing you can do
fights physical and mental illness |
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diet
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keeps you healthy
helps maintain healthy weight |
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who does psychology relate to overall factors that effect health?
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psychologists aid in :
-appraisal of life events -target maladaptive traits -assist in altering poor habits -increase social support |
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what is behavioral medicine?
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launched by National Academy of Sciences in the 1970s
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what is health psychology?
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represents psychology's contribution to the field of behavioral medicine:
-promote and maintain health -prevent and treat illness -analyze and improve health care systems and policy |
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consciousness
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awareness of ourselves and our environment
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daydreaming vs fantasies
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daydreaming relates to reality
fantasies are not realistic |
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annual cycles
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happen throughout the course of a year
ex: seasons |
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90 min cycles
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sleep cycle
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24 hour cycle
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the day
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circadian rhythm
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body craves routine/schedule
eat same time everyday sleep same time everyday burst of energy same time stricter in older people |
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how do you measure brainwave activity
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by EEG
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when do delta waves occur?
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during stage 3 and 4, deep sleep
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when do alpha waves occur?
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awake and relaxed
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sleep
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periodic, natural, reversible, state of unconsciousness
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what happens in stage 1 of sleep?
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unrecognized transition to sleep
sometimes have hallucinations/dillusions |
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what happens in stage 2 of sleep?
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sleep spindles, slightly deeper
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what happens in stage 3 of sleep?
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transition from light sleep to deep sleep
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what are hypnagogic and hypnopomic images?
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dillusions or hallucinations in stage 1 of sleep
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what are the characteristics of REM sleep
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AKA paradoxial sleep
-rapid eye movement -most dreaming occurs here -increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration -sexual arousal -brain stem blocks motor cortex |
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what are our general sleep requirements?
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9-10 hours but we can function on 8
kids need more than adults |
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what happens when we are deprived of sleep?
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less energy, can't deal w/ stress, immune system fails
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what is sleep debt?
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you need to make up missed sleep next time you sleep
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what is REM rebound
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if you dont sleep enough next time you will spend more time in REM
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what are the different kinds of insomnia?
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onset: inability to initiate
early waking: can't maintain sleep |
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what are the differences between nightmares and night terrors?
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terrors: occur in stage four of sleep, dont disturb sleep, usually young kids
mares: REM stage, wake you up, all ages |
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what happens in narcolepsy?
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instant REM, sleep attacks
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what happens in cataplexy?
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an effect of narcolepsy
loss of muscle control |
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what is sleep apnea and the risks associated with it?
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stop breathing during sleep for brief periods of time
can't get enough REM sleep never feel well rested more likely in fat and old people |
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dreaming
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a way to uncover unconscious conflict
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what is manifest content?
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description of what happened in dream
a symbolic representation of an unconscious conflict |
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what is latent content?
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what the dream really meant
discovering the unconscious conflict |
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what are two prominent theories of dreaming
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housekeeping: way of organizing thoughts and actions from the day
activation synthesis: dreams mean nothing, a result of neural activity |
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what is lucid dreaming?
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(LeBarge) you are aware you are dreaming and have control over the dream
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hypnosis
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a state of high suggestibility
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who founded hypnosis
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Anton Mesmer
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what are posthypnotic amnesia and suggestions?
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people cant remember what happened when they come out of it
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how does hypnosis affect suggestibility?
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increases it
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how does hypnosis affect memory?
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you can make help someone recover a memory
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how does hypnosis affect acting against one's will
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it depends on one's obedience to authority
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how does hypnosis affect dissociation and pain?
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people can get surgery pain free because they are hypnotized to believe it does not hurt
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what role does authority play in hypnosis?
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depending upon how well people listen to authority they may act against their will
the person in authority has control over the person being hypnotized |
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is everyone hypnotizable
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no, they need to be willing
most ppl are not highly hypnotizable |
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what are psychoactive drugs?
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alter perceptions and mood
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what is tolerance?
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more of a substance is needed to get the same effect
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what is withdrawal
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drug has become integrated part of nervous system so without it body reacts violently
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how does tolerance and withdrawal affect drug use
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tolerance makes people take more
withdrawal makes it harder to quit and less appealing to quit |
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whats the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence?
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physical: body has built up tolerance and will experience withdrawals
psycho: people feel as tho they need it to get through the day, weed users might become stressed if they do not smoke for a day |
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what are depressants?
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saddens people, less energy
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what are stimulants?
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boost energy, activate nervous system
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what are hallucinogens?
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have hallucinations
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alcohol
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depressant
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opiates
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depressant
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barbiturates
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depressant
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amphetamines
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stimulant
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cocaine
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stimulant
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nicotine
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stimulant
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caffeine
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stimulant
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cannabis
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hallucinogen
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LSD
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hallucinogen
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ecstasy
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hallucinogen
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shrooms
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hallucinogen
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acid
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hallucinogen
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what are the biological influences on drug use?
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genetics,
drug use is passed down |
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what are the psychological influences on drug use?
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culture, maladaptive coping (depressed, anxious), peer pressure
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what are the warning signs of excessive drug use?
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binge use, regret, guilt, inability to decrease use, use of substance for coping, avoiding family and friends
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how is memory organized?
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in chunks or hierarchies
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how do we forget info?
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encoding failures
storage decay proactive and retroactive interference latent memory: the penny example |
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differences between implicit and explicit memory
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explicit: conscious recall, facts, events
implicit: not conscious recall, motor skills, classic/operant conditioning effects |
