Psychology Exam Review

Front 1

What is Psychology?

Back 1

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Front 2

Difference between Scientific Psychology and Everyday Psychology.

Back 2

Scientific: Laws of Behavior, Deterministic, Tentative Explinations,controlled studies, Explination refer to people in general.

Everyday: Bizarre unusual behavior, free will, nonfalsifiable, no studies, explations focus on specific examples.

Front 3

What are the three major philosophical influences on Psychology.

Back 3

Mechanism, Empiricism, and Positivism

Front 4

What is Mechanism

Back 4

Belief that all behavior follows all natural processes

Front 5

What is Empiricism

Back 5

persuit of knowledge through observing nature and experimentations ( All Learning, All Knowledge is based on experience)

Front 6

What is Positivism

Back 6

Belief only things objectivly observable should be studied, and excepted as turth

Front 7

Who was Wilhelm Wundt

Back 7

(1843-1920) credited as founder of psychology; introspection.

Front 8

Edward Titchener & Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 8

(1867-1927) Structralisim-study of conciousness by introspection

Front 9

Who was Clever Hans

Back 9

German horse; Experimental approach to animal behavior (Early 1900'S).

Front 10

Who was Ivan Pavlov

Back 10

Co-Discoverer of classical conditioning (1849-1936)

Front 11

Who was William James

Back 11

(1842-1910) functionalism; first American psychologist.

Front 12

Who was Sigmund Freud

Back 12

(1856-1939) Psychoanalysis; sexual analysis - unconcious drives (sex drives)

Front 13

Who was John Watson

Back 13

(1878-1958) founder of behaviorism, classical conditioning,

Front 14

Who was B.F. Skinner

Back 14

1904-1990 radical behaviorism operant conditioning-visionary

Front 15

World War 11

Back 15

needed to treat war victims

Front 16

Who was Carl Rogers

Back 16

1902-1987 humanistic psychology feelings

Front 17

What is Cognative Revolution

Back 17

(Neisser 1967) Study of thoughts

Front 18

What is a True Experiment

Back 18

manipulate certain events and observe the effects on the other events while controlling for confounds.

Front 19

What is Random Selection

Back 19

Draw randomly from population of intrest for inclusion in study

Front 20

What is Random Assignment

Back 20

make groups equal by dispersing confounds

Front 21

Pros of Experimental Studies

Back 21

Allows strongest casual conclusion due to good internal and external validity

Front 22

Cons of Experimental Studies

Back 22

External Validity problems due to artificiality; reactivity may also be a problem.

Front 23

What are the measures of central tendency used in Psychology

Back 23

Mean-Average
Median-Half Point
Mode- Most frequent

Front 24

What are the measures of variablity used in Psychology

Back 24

Range- Diff. highest & lowest
Standard Deviation- Measures of spread or scores

Front 25

What are the methods of studying the brain structure and function

Back 25

Lesion Studies, X-rays, Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET),
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Front 26

Lesion Studies

Back 26

Patients who have suffered damage to a brain a brain structure (PHINEAS GAGE 1848)

Front 27

X-rays

Back 27

only reveal major structural damage

Front 28

CAT

Back 28

series of X-rays to reveal 3 dimentional brain structure

Front 29

PET

Back 29

providies functional info; able to observe which part of the barain are active during certain activities

Front 30

EEG

Back 30

provides electrical functioning information; non invasive

Front 31

Magnetic Resomance Imaging (MRT)

Back 31

provides structural and functional infomation less exposure for patients.

Front 32

What are the Function of a Neuron Axonal Transmission

Back 32

Microelectrodes,Resting Potential, Threshold, Action Potential, The All or non principal

Front 33

Microroelectrodes

Back 33

measures of electrical impluses

Front 34

Resting Potential

Back 34

neuron "at rest" inside is negatively charged (-70mv) Relative to the outside.

Front 35

Threshold

Back 35

Vaue at which an action potential will occur (-55mv)

Front 36

Action Potential

Back 36

lasts one millsecond; electrical impluses travels down axon and reaches terminal ending

Front 37

"All or None" Principal

Back 37

only applies to axonal transmission
1.Once threshold is reached axonal flip
2. Very intensive stimulus may trigger more neurons to fire.

Front 38

What are the function of a neuron; Synaptic Transmission

Back 38

Presynaptic mambrane, Synapse, Postsynaptic membrane, Re-Uptake and enzyme breakdown of neurotransmitters.

Front 39

Presynaptic Membrane

Back 39

(terminal ending) contains vessicles with neutransmitters (chemicals that influence other neurons).

Front 40

Synapse

Back 40

gap between terminal ending and dendrite of next neuron

Front 41

Postsynaptic Membrane

Back 41

receptor cells for neutrotransmitters

Front 42

Lock and key theory

Back 42

NT only affects postsynaptic membrane if shape fit into certain receptor molecules

Front 43

Re-Uptake & Enzyme breakdown

Back 43

jhdkhs

Front 44

What are the two types of Medications that Work

Back 44

Agonists and Antagonists

Front 45

What is Agonists

Back 45

increase effectiveness of a NT (e.g. block re-uptake, mimic NT at receptor cells block enzyme breakdown,

Front 46

What Antagonists

Back 46

decrease effectiveness of NT

Front 47

What are the two parts of the Nervous System

Back 47

Central Nervous System (CNS; brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous system

Front 48

What are the functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 48

Somatic (controls skeletal, voluntary muscles and sense organs)
Autonomic(controls heart, Lungs, Digestive System, etc)

Front 49

What are the two functions associated with Autonomic PNS

Back 49

Sympathetic (produces Arousal)
Parasympathetic(decreases Arousal)

Front 50

What are the three main Brain Structures

Back 50

Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain

Front 51

Hindbrain

Back 51

Medulla(controls heartbeat, blood circulation, breathing, Vomiting, Caughing,etc)
Cerebellum (controls Balance and muscle coordination)
Pons (relay station linking Hindbrain to the rest of the brain; involved with sleeping and walking)

Front 52

Midbrain

Back 52

Reticular Activating system (relay station and filtering device; involved with arousal and waking

Front 53

Forebrain

Back 53

Limbic System (involved with emotions and memory)
A. Amygdala (turns on aggression when stimulated)
B. Spectum (turns off aggression with stimulated)
C. Hippocampus (memory)
D.Cingulate Gyrus (pleasure after eating or sex)
Hypothalamus (homeostasis; controls pituitary; sex sleep; hunger; thirst)

Thalamus (Relay Station) located above the hypothalamus;organization center)

Cerebral Cortex (right and left hemispheres ; corpus callosum)
A. Frontal lobe (personality; and advanced thinking)
B. Temporal lobe (auditory cortex)
C. Parietal lobe (sensory cortex)
D. Occipital lobe (vision)

Front 54

Endocrine System

Back 54

A. Hormones (chemicals that travel in bloodstream; serve similar function as NT)

B. Key Glands and Hormones
1.Adrenal gland (on top of kidneys; release hormone adrenalin; control body's response to stress and danger)

2.Pituitary Glands(at base of brain; controlled by hypothalamus; controls release of hormones from many other important glands, such as the thyroid, overies, and testes)

3.Pheromones (hormones that mark territories and singal desire to mate in many species; unclear if they contribute to human behavior)