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127 Cards in this Set
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
-thoughts and cognitive processes -learning and memory -motivation and emotion -behavioral disorders -sleeping and dreaming |
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what are the different fields psychologists work in?
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-academic settings
-educational settings -independent practice -hospitals and clinics -human service settings -business and government |
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what kind of jobs do psychologists have?
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-faculty
-educational administration -research/research administration -direct human service/administration -school psychologists -consultant/business and industry |
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education of a psychologist
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-degrees: BS/BA, MS/MA, Ph.D, Psy D.
-jobs at different levels -4 yrs undergraduate work -4-5 yrs graduate work -licensing - |
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**Wilhelm Wundt
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established first psychology lab in germany in 1879
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G. Stanley Hall
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student of Wilhelm Wundt, established first american lab
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American Psychological Association
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founded in 1892
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Freud
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introduced psychoanalytical theory in 1906
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Pavlov
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famous Classical Conditioning experiments in 1906 (dogs salivate not only at presence at food but at presence of person who feeds them)
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Margaret Washburn
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first woman to earn a Ph.D.
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rise of behaviorism
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Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner peaked in the 1950s
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Neuroscience perspective in psychology
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focus on brain and biological processes
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behavioral genetics perspective in psychology
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genetic influences on behavior (relatively new area)
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psychodynamic perspective in psychology
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focus on unconscious mind
-Id: desire (sex) ego: balances Id and super ego superego: morality do the right thing |
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behavioral perspective in psychology
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focus on environment
-stimulus, response, reinforcement, punishment |
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cognitive perspective in psychology
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focused on the individual internal thought processes
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social-cultural perspective in psychology
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focus on the self in social context
-individual behaves in accordance with societal norms |
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nature vs nurture debate
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genetic predetermination or environmental shaping
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diathesis stress model
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behavior is based on both genetics and experience
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basic research
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mostly takes place in a lab, typically neuroscience, just to gain knowledge
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applied research
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research applied to answer a specific question, to improve the human condition, and to solve everyday problems
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biases to intuition rather than science
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-common sense: disagreements, incorrect thoughts (earth is flat)
-intuition bias: past experiences are different so conclusions are different -hindsight bias: think you would have been right if you guessed after you already know the answer -overconfidence:we think we know more than we do |
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scientific method
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-literature review
-develop a testable hypothesis -design the study and collect data -analyze the results, accept or reject hypothesis -publish, replicate, seek scientific review -build a theory; the cycle continues |
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what is the foundation of good science
(part of scientific method) |
replicate: do it all over again, on experiment doesn't answer a question, it leads to more experiments which will collectively answer a question
good research is "heuristic" |
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research methods
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-bench/laboratory research
-case studies -surveys (wording is very important) -naturalistic observation -sampling (population, random sampling) |
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methods of gathering data
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-direct observation: covert behavior=easily observed vs overt=difficulty observing
-interviews -surveys/questionaires |
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importance of sampling
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hard to observe large populations, if observe members of the population you can make inferences about the entire population
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descriptive: type of research
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observe and record behavior, case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation
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correlation: type of research
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studies relationships between naturally occurring variables for purposes of prediction
-can't infer cause and effect -3rd variable problem: other things have effects on the study |
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correlation coefficient
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-direction and degree of relationship
- -1 to +1 - closer to one the stronger the relationship -+1 means both increase or decrease - -1 means one decreases while the other increases |
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illusory correlation
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false correlation
ex: more crimes are committed in areas with more churches but this is only because areas with churches means a larger population |
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experimental research: type of research
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-gold standard
-experimental and control conditions (need a control to compare to) -random sampling and assignment -placebo effect: people get better by thinking they're getting medicine -independent & dependent variables -can make cause and effect inferences |
single blind study: people are unaware of medication they are taking
double blind study: people and researcher are unaware of medication they are taking/giving |
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normal curve
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the bell curve=distribution of population
ex: IQ scores |
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mean
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average
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median
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middle number
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mode
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number that appears the most
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P value
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a measure of statistical significance
P equal or less than .05 is not significant a low value means that the result is that of luck and is of statistics |
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spotting bad science
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-claims not based on scientific research
-bias in science: pharmaceutical companies sponsoring their own research -inappropriate conclusions: conclusions are too broad -failing to report limitations of research: all research has limitations and good researchers acknowledge it -reporting partial results: report what you find not just what works -failure to disclose data and methods: science is an open process and disclosure is necessary for replication -no citations or poor citations -research not based on previous work |
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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all nerves other than that of the brain and spinal cord
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Anatomy of the neuron:
dendrites and axons |
dendrites receive messages and axons send them
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Anatomy of the neuron:
terminal branch |
the end of the axon with synaptic vesicles inside branch and house transmitters
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Anatomy of the neuron:
myelin sheath |
covers axon to protect and speeds up the message
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Anatomy of the Neuron:
nodes of ranvier |
spaces in the myelin sheath, causes the messages to jump from node to node to go faster
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saltatory conduction
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when action potentials jump from node to node to go faster
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resting and action potentials
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action potential: sending/receiving a message
resting potential: waiting for a message |
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re-uptake
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when transmitters go back into synaptic vesicles
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers
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types of transmitters:
dopamine |
movement, learning attention, emotion,
-extra dopamine=schizophrenia -lacking dopamine=parkinson's |
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types of transmitters:
serotonin |
mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
-SSRI=selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, increases serotonin in system |
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types of transmitters:
norepinephrine |
mood, alertness, arousal
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types of transmitters:
GABA |
inhibitory, eating and sleeping
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types of transmitters:
acetylcholine |
muscle action, learning and memory
-implicated in alzheimers |
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types of transmitters:
endorphins |
body's natural pain killers
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lock and key effect neurotransmission
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neurotransmitter fits in receptor like lock and key
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agonists
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drug will mimic/enhance effect of neurotransmitter
(like a bobby pin opening a keyhole instead of a key) |
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antagonists
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drug will enhibit or limit effect of neurotransmitter
(like getting a stick stuck in a keyhole so key can not fit in) |
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organization of the nervous system
STUDY PICTURE |
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
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organization of nervous system:
sensory neurons |
carry information to central nervous system
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organization of nervous system:
motor neurons |
carry information from central nervous system to muscles
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organization of nervous system:
interneurons |
can perform functions of both sensory and motor neurons
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organization of nervous system:
afferent neurons |
receives a message
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organization of nervous system:
efferent neurons |
sends a message
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reflexes
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unlearned involuntary response
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reflex arc
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important messages referring to damage to the body are sent to the spinal cord so reflexes can occur faster and then the brain receives the message
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the brain
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-weighs 3 lbs and has billions of neurons
-size of two fists -symmetrical in structure -consists mostly of neurons, blood vessels, and support cells, neurotransmitters -floats in cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) -protected by skull and meninges -layered structure from primitive to advanced on outside |
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cerebro-spinal fluid
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brain floats in it to protect it from banging against skull to much
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meninges
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consists of three layers and protects the central nervous system
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glial cells
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provide support and protection for neurons, they are non-neuronal cells
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Structures of the brain:
brain stem |
-controls most basic functions
-medulla: controls heart rate and breathing -retucular formation: arousal and alertness -pons: contains important neuronal pathways between spinal cord and brain |
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Structures of the brain:
thalamus |
top of brain stem, sensory relay station but not for smell
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structures of the brain:
cerebellum |
base of brain, gross motor movement (walking), motivation, and attention
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structures of the brain:
hypothalamus |
below thalamus, regulates thirst, hunger, body temp, its the pleasure center of the brain
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structures of the brain:
lymbic system |
emotional center of the brain (animalistic emotion), amygdala, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, fornix, septum, mammilary body, cingulate gyrus
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Cerebral cortex
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-highest level of functioning (outer layer)
-glial cells -wrinkled appearance (less surface area) -different areas control different functions -divided into hemispheres and lobes |
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Lobes of the brain
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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lobes of the brain:
frontal |
language, motor skills, planning and reasoning
in the front of the brain near forehead |
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lobes of the brain:
parietal |
sensory cortex
middle of the brain |
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lobes of the brain:
temporal |
auditory reception
bottom of the brain |
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lobes of the brain:
occipital |
visual reception
back of the brain |
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central sulcus
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groove that seperates frontal lobe and perietal lobe
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special areas of the cortex:
precentral gyrus |
bump in front of central sulcus (in frontal lobe)
primary motor cortex |
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special areas of the cortex
postcentral gyrus |
bump behind central sulcus (in parietal lobe)
somatosensory cortex |
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special areas of the cortex:
Broca's Area |
language production in left frontal lobe
(all man could say was tan but he understood everything) |
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special areas of the cortex:
Wernicke's Area |
language comprehension in left temporal lobe
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Brain hemispheres:
contra-lateral functioning |
left side of brain controls right side of body and vice versa
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brain hemispheres:
right |
-left sided motor movement
-facial recognition -music -conceptual tasks -big picture thinker |
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brain hemispheres:
left |
-right sided motor movement
-language -speech -logic -reasoning |
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brain hemispheres facts
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not completely dichotomous
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corpus callosum
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band of connective tissue that allows the two hemispheres to communicate
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split brain research
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-corpus callosum cut to control seizures
-right hand buttoning shirt and left unbuttons it -look at dot, word heart is flased on screen split by dot -she says she only saw art because art is in right visual field and goes to left side of brain, language side of brain (left) only saw art -when asked to point to what she saw she points to he because right side of brain only saw he and right side controls the left hand |
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brain imaging techniques
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-CAT scan: shows bleeding, measures structure
-MRI: measures structure, more detailed than cat scan -PET scans: measures function, mostly for research -FMRI: similar to PET, used for research -EEG: measure of electrical activity |
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Damaged brain:
lesions |
dead brain areas
-strokes, concussions, contusions, trauma |
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damaged brain:
site specific |
Phineas Gage lost connection between frontal lobe and lymbic system and therefore had no impulse control
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damaged brain:
disease |
dementia (Alzheimer), parkinsons, schizophrenia, huntingtons
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damaged brain:
plasticity and brain reorganization |
brain is able to change and reorganize after extreme damage (Phineas Gage)
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Sensation
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process by which we gather information from the environment through our sensory organs
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perception
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interpretation of senstations by our brain
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sensory transduction
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changes energy into electrochemical signals our nervous system can understand
ex: light energy changed into electrical energy |
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absolute threshold
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must be a certain amount of energy for us to sense it
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sensory adaptation
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if senses are constantly exposed to a stimulus we will cease to notice it
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illusion
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a misperception of a stimulus that is actually there
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hallucination
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perception of a stimulus that's not there
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Vision:
visual pathway |
cornea sees things, lens flips image right side up, and casts image on retina which activates the rods and cones where sensory deduction takes place
-processed in occipital lobe |
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Vision:
rods |
black and white
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Vision:
cones |
color
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Vision:
fovea |
on retina, most accurate spot of vision, packed with cones
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Vision:
blind spot |
on retina, no rods or cones so it can't process images
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Auditory:
auditory pathway |
-outer ear (auditory canal)
-middle ear (starts at eardrum and connects to hammer, anvil, and stapis) -inner ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, auditory nerve -processed in temporal lobe's auditory cortex |
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Touch:
touch pathway |
-skin (touch receptors)
-primary somato-sensory cortex (post central gyrus) |
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Touch:
pain |
-gate control theory of pain (grab toe when you stub it, slight pressure goes up large tract & closes small tract to lessen pain)
-mood affects pain perception |
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Touch:
small and large fiber tracts |
-large-regular, moderate temperature, small pressure
-small-pain message |
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Olfactory and gustatory senses
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-smell and taste are interactive
-no sensory deduction needed -cilia in naval passageway -olfactory bulb in limbic system -papillae: tastebuds -sour: sides, sweet: tip, salty: tip, bitter: back -taste: parietal lobe processes |
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Proprioception
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body's awareness of self in space, knowing where body parts are in relation to others
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Proprioception:
Kinesthesis |
sense of movement
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Proprioception:
vestibular sense |
balance, located in inner ear in semicircular valves
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what is developmental psychology
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theories of human development and social interaction
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Freud's psychosexual stages
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1. oral 0-18 months (oral obsession)
2. anal 18-36 months (particular abotu details 3.phallic 3-6 yrs( boys attracted to mom and jealous of dad) 4.latency 6-puberty (period of calm) 5.genital puberty on |
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Erikson's psychosexual states
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1. trust vs mistrust infancy to 1 (needs met or not)
2.autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1-2 (kid needs sense of self) 3.initiative vs guilt 3-5 (want to do things themselves but cant let them mess up too much 4.competence vs inferiority 6-puberty (want to do things well) 5.identity vs role confusion teen-20s (who you want to be, values, desired job) 6.intimacy vs. isolation 20s to 40s (find intimate relationship or isolate self) 7.generativity vs. stagnation 40s-60s (productive life or feel worthless) 8.integrity vs. despair late 60s+ (think you did well or feel badly about life) |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
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-sensorimotor stage: obsessed with senses and understanding their effects on the environment
-pre-operational: more aware of characteristics of environment but can't hold it in head (water in glasses) -concrete operational: can hold information but still need a physical representation -formal operational: don't need physical representation, can grasp abstract thoughts |
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assimilation and accommodation
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new info needs to become a part of other views of world, if the info is contrary our views must be altered in order to accommodate the new info
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Kolberg's Stages of Moral Development
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preconventional: do it to avoid punishment
conventional: do it for greater good of society post-conventional: behaves outside laws and norms because they believe its right. martin luther king |
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social psychology
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scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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developmental psychlogy
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examines how people are continually developing pysically, cognitively, and socially, from infancy to old age
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stanford prison experiment
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shows how being in a certain situation/environment changes our behavior
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Asch's study
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shows how people conform
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milgram's experiment
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shows how people obey even when it causes harm
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