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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
we are capable of perceiving only _____
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partially of what is actually available
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most common visual disorders are due to ___ and ___
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cornea , lens
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light shines through onto the ___
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retina
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what is a blind spot
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its the range in which you cant see past your periphial vision
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what are the 3 kinds of cones
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blue green and red. this is the beginning of color perception
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the cones are located on the___
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fovea
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many __ feed into the ___ cell
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rods, ganglionic
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almost all sensory goes through the ___ before projected to the ___
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thalamus, cortex
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rods are useful in __ vision
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night
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name 5 of Gestalt's principles
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proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, simplicity
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chunks of a cat would be considered what kind of principle
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closure
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6 vertical lines that form 3 columns would be considered what principle
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proximity
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with a diagram of 3 triangles, 3 circles, 3 triangles we get what principle
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similarity
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a wave going through a straight line is what principle
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continuity
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2 circles of dots intersecting is what principle
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simplicity
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what is critical for form perception
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experience
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what two men were associated with feature detection- orientation and spatial frequency?
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hubel and wiesel
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sensory input is the beginning of
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cognitive processing
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in the human eye, the focusing process is accomplished by the ___ and ___
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cornea and lens
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light first passes through the ___ and the pupil before traveling through the ___
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cornea, lens
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light completes its journey when it reaches a thin layer of tissue called the __
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retina
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these are sensitive at low levels of illumination
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rods
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these are concentrated in the periphery of the retina
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rods
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these are not sensitive to visual detail
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rods
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these are concentrated in the center of the retina, the fovea
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cones
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these are not very sensitive at low levels of illumination
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cones
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these have a high level of sensitivity to detail, high visual acuity
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cones
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there are about 120 million ___ and 6 million __
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rods cones
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dim images can sometimes be seen better out of __
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the corner of your eyes
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once the neural impulse is generated by a rod or cone, its passed along to other cells, particularly ____which feed info from the receptors to the ___
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bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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the visual signals eventually leave the retina to deeper processing stations, through a collection of nerve fibers called the
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optic nerve
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because of its size, at the point where the optic nerve leaves each retina there is no room for visual receptors, this creates __
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blind spot
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after leaving the retina, the neural impulses flow along each optic nerve until they reach the __
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optic chiasm ( where info travels to the separeate hemispheres of the brain)
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each ganglion cell has a ____, which means it recieves input from a group of receptor cells and responds only when a particular pattern of light shines across the retina
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receptive field
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in vision, this is the portion of the retina that when stimulated, causes teh activity of higher order neurons to change
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receptive field
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what law says if the elements of a display are close to each other, that is they lie in close spatial proximity- they tend to be grouped together as part of the same object
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proximity
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processing that is controlled by the physical message delivered to the senses
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bottom up processing
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processing that is controlled by ones beliefs and expectations about how the world is organized
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top down processing
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items that share physical properties-that physically resemble each other are palced into the same set
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similarity
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even if a figure has a gap or a small amount of its border is missing, people still tend to percieve the object as a whole
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closure
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if lines cross or are interrupted people tend to still see flowing lines
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continuation
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if things appear to be moving in the same direction people tend to group them together
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common fate
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what is precognition
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knowing something will happen before it happens
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what is telepathy
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communicating through mind
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what is clairvoyance
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object to person
example: knowing how a coin flipped without seeing it |
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what is psychokinesis
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moving objects with mind
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who is Rhine
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serious scientist in this line of work (extrasensory psych) , but a student falsified data in his lab so no one took him seriously
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what was a popular area of study 120 years ago
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extrasensory psychology
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extrasensory psychology is often confused with what
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spiritualism -
(houdini) |
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thousands of trials are run so there is a ___ effect
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statistical
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hollywood portrays clairvoyance as perfectly psychic but in psychic literature there are always ____
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hits and misses
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who is more likely to be psychic
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earlier born, children more than adults, women more than men, and it runs in families
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what is a big concern about the researchers of extrasense. psych.
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they are biased. people want to prove something and beleive these phenomena are real
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when people make guesses, they remember the hits more than the misses so __ is merely chance
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precognition
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when trying to convey ___ actors will describe the 5 main human problems to appeal to large audiences
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telepathy
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the bottom line is that there are many ___ to ESP and that there are no known ___ or ____(operational definition)
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alternative explanations, measurements
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what is an explanation of helen kellers clairvoyance
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if blindfolded u can tell the different colors of things by heat
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how did gellar fool people with his clairvoyant drawings
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there was a reciever in his tooth. also an assistant by the machine
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dowsing for water. how so?
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scientific explanations with electromagnetic cues
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what did the amazing james randi do?
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he hosted britains best and offered large money for psychological phenomena. no one could do it
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what is CSICOP?
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committee for the scientific investigation of claims of the paranormal
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what is cold reading and who is a philosopher of it
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Cold reading refers to a set of techniques used by professional manipulators to get a subject to behave in a certain way or to think that the cold reader has some sort of special ability that allows him to "mysteriously" know things about the subject. (shermer) telepathy
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king of illusionism?
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houdini
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definition for what consciousness is:
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subject awareness, attention, thinking
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what consciousness is not:
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automaticity (driving), role in simple judgements, learning, or envrionmental scanning (cocktail party)
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what is the generalized model of attention:
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stage 1- automatic processing or pre-attentive
stage 2- controlled processing or attentive |
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what is EEG
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Electroencephalography, the neurophysiologic measurement of the electrical activity of the brain
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the ___ is paying attention to things in the environment that your attention is not. there is lots of potential stimulation
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limbic system
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at birth what percent of the time of sleep is REM
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1/3
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your deepest sleep occurs when
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first 2 hours
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night terrors occur in what stage of sleep
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4th
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examples of sleep deprivation effects
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viscious animals. stresses put on body break down immune system.
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short term sleep deprivation results in loss of __ and ___ performance
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cognitive , motor
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dreams occur during
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REM
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daily shift in sleep cycle driven by __
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endogenous things.... light
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sleep involves systematic changes in ___
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EEG
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spinde is an increase then decrease in __ and __ generated by the ___
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amplitude, frequency, limbic system
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sleep cycle. what is slow wave
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decreased cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and Gh release
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psychodynamic models. emphasis on __ to __. introspection is in the
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unconscious to conscious. past
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cognitive models. emphasis on __. introspection in the __
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conscious. present
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the american psychologist ___ ___ was convinced that consciousness flows
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william james
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the internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
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attention
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the ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others. also refers to the tendency to notice when your name suddenly appears in a message that youve been actively ignoring
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cocktai party effect
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fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention
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automaticity
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biological activities that rise and fall in accordance with a 24-hr cycle
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circadian rythms
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when a subject is awake the EEG pattern is __ and ___. and the waves have ___ amplitude
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fast, irregular, low
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___, ___ amplitude waves of ___ frequency reflect neural synchrony
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regular, high, low
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the first official sign of sleep, stage 1, is marked by waves of __ amplitude and slightly more __
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low, irregular
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in stage __ the sleep activity is interrupted by short bursts of activity called ___
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2, sleep spindles
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slow wave sleep is what stages
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3 &4
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sleep functions to ___ or __ the body and brain
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restore repair
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freud beleived that dreaming was a psychological mechanism for __ ___, a way to satisfy forbidden wishes and desires
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wish fullfillment
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repeated cycles of brain activity each about __ minutes occur during sleep
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90
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rem occurs __ to __ minutes into sleep cycle
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70, 90
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most cognitive developmentalists focus on ___
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children
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what are two different ways of viewing a child
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some see them as small adults rather than developmentally challenged. some say they have innate patterns rather than blank slates.
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two methods of study of cognitive development:
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longitudinal- follow certain individual over time (less variation). cross-sectional- look at 3 diff ages at once- (less time)
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importance of early experience:
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sensitive and criticcal periods. ex. need of light.
but doesnt preclude lifetime development |
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paiget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to 2 years. schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities.
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sensorimotor period
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chomsky and LAD say that talking will occur in this sequence of sensorimotor:
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coo--babble--word--two word utterances
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the ability to recognize that objects still exist when they're no longer in sight
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object permanence (recognition of parents, fear of strangers)
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this stage involves reflexes such as rooting and suckling, object exploration & permanence, and contingincies
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sensorimotor
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paiget's second stage of cognitive development lasting from age 2-7, children begin to think symbolically, and often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conservation
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preoperational period
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this stage involves egocentrism, animism, dreams/reality, use of symbols, transductive logic, and two word phrases
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preoperational
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the ability to recognize that the physical properties of an object remain the saim despite changes in object appearance
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law of conservation (ex. size glasses of milk)
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the tendency to see the world from ones own unique perspective only; a characteristic of thinking in preoperational period
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egocentrism
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paiget's 3rd stage, age 7-11. children aquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lack the ability for abstract reasoning
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concrete operational period
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this stage includes reality from nonreality, conducts mental operations without observables, law of conservation, reversibility, language: passive = active
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concrete operational period
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paigets last stage, thought processes become adult like, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking.
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formal operational period
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this is the concept that one kind of operation can produce change and that another kind of operation can undo that change
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reversibility
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a change in some neurocognitive mechanism,, quantitative (small)
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assimilation
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qualitative steps in childs understanding (large)
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accomidation
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innatimate objects come to life
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animism
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guesses of mechanism in the childs viewing of the world
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schemata
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criticisms of paiget
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stage vs gradual, he used his own children, underestimated abilities, importance of social environment, interpretation and nature of language
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private speech and egocentrism reinterpretated by ___
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vygotsky
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this was charles darwins cousin. obesessed with individual variation. he tested intelligence by response time
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galton
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this man believed in helping children in classrooms. saw children as unique individuals
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binet
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this man said intelligence is the cognitive ability to pick up info quickly. he came up with the predictor of academic experience (g-factor)
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spearman
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this person said theres 2 factors to intelligence. fluid (processing) and crystallized (memory/content)
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catell
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this man says that intelligence isnt just education. he came up with 7-8 categories
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gardner
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what are gardners catergories
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logical/mathematical, linguistic, spatial, body, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
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binet/simon tested what
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logical/mathematical, linguistic, spatial
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who came up with the IQ notion
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terman
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WISC- 4 aspects
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verbal, nonverbal, reliability, validity
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what are the two arguments about what affects intelligence
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genome vs. nurturance
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3 determinants of testing performance
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sensory/perception, cognition, motivation
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short term determinants of test performance
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rapport with tester, emotional status, nutrition, attention
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who conducted twin studies to see if genes affect intelligence
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burt
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the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. thought to be relatively uninfluenced by experience
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fluid intelligence
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the knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience
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crystallized intelligence
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a measure of the consistency of test results, these produce similar scores from one administration to the next
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reliability
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an assessment of how well a test measures what its supposed to measure
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validity
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mental age, divided by chronical age and then multiplied by 100
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intelligence quotient
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a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors
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heritability
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____suggested that the people least competent to survive in the world were the ones reproducing the fastest,
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shockley
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in ______ estimation, over 70% of the within race IQ variability was due to genetic factors, and the 30% left over was due to non-shared environmental influences
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jensens
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what are some environmental effects of racial differences in performace
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economic factors, toxic elements, educational experience, cultural biases, self-perceptions
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who wrote about the stereotype threat of intelligence
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steele
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who is the father of behaviorism
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watson
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stimus response theoryists believe in this kind of learning
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operant
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the decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
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habituation
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increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an event that has been repeated
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sensitization
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a set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events.
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classical conditioning
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a stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any trainging
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unconditioned stimulus
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the observable response that is produced automatically prior to training on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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the acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning
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conditioned stimulus
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who developed classical conditioning?
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pavlov
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presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly after conditioning without the unconditioned stimulus resulting in a loss in responding
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extinction
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the recovery of an extinquished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
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spontaneous recovery
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conditioned responding becomes stronger with repeated CS-US pairings
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acquisition
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what is the law of effect
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if a response is followed by a reinforcer you will increase that behavior
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what is the law of temporal contiguity
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there must be immediacy with reinforcement
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a procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions
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operant conditioning
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response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way
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reinforcement
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reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occured
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partial reinforcement
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a procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions
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operant conditioning
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consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
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punishment
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reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occured
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partial reinforcement
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an exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less
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sensory memory
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this category of memory includes episodic and semantic
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explicit (declarative conscious
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a limited capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
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short term memory
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a short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
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chunking
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this category of memory includes procedural, classical, and priming
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implicit (nondeclarative conscious)
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the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time
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long term memory
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a memory for a particular event or episode that happened to you personally such as remembering what u ate for breakfast this morning or where u went on vacation last year
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episodic memory
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knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experience
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semantic memory
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knowledge about how to do things such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club
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procedural memory
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an encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory
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elaboration
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who was involved with memory reconstruction?
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loftus
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what is tempo of rehearsals
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spaced vs massed
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