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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychological dysfunction |
Psychological dysfunction within an individual involves distress or impairment |
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Mental Health Professions |
Psychiatry- med school Clinical psychology: emphasis on research |
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Moral Treatment movement |
Benjamin Rush: 1745- 1815 American psychiatry founder Dorothy Dix: advocated for mentally ill patients to be treated humane and economical |
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Syphilis |
STD advance effects include delusions of persecution and grandeur, appeared similar to a psychosis |
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Theoretical models for Abnormal Behavior |
Psychological Model- psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and defense mechanisms (Freudian Approach) Supernatural Model- Demons in the mind |
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Theoretical models |
Biological Model- revelancy to one's bio and history |
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Genes and ab behavior |
Heritability est. 30-60%, adverse life events can trump the influence of genes |
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Genes and ab behavior |
Genes count for less than 50% of pyschopathology |
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Diathesis stress model |
Diathesis: inherited tendency predisposition Stress: life event |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical messangers |
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Limbic system |
Base of forebrain involved in emotional processing, thalamus: receives and intergrates sensory info. Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, aggression and sexual activity |
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Serotonin |
5-HT; influences information processing, behavior thoughts or mood Low serotonin linked to instability and impulsivity |
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Diagnosis |
Degree of fit between symptoms and diagnostic criteria |
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Clinical Interview |
Assessment: Presenting problems, current and past behavior, detailed history , attitudes and emotions |
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Projective Test |
Project aspects of personality onto ambiguous test stimuli Examples: Rorschach inkblot test, thematic appereception test |
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MMPI 2 |
Minnesota multiphasic personality test true/ false personality test. Extensive reliability, validity, and normative database |
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DSM 5 changes |
Removes the axial system, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for disorders, categorized under broad headings, prototypic approach classification |
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Hypothesis |
Testable educated guess |
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Experimental variables |
Independent: causes, changes, or influences behavior Dependent: behavior influenced by independent variable |
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Structured interview |
No variety same questions same order |
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Semi structured interview |
Outline of questions, but flexibility in asking |
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Clinical significance |
Results matter. Treatment meaningful to those affected? |
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Nature of correlation |
Statistical relation between 2 or more variables; no independent variable is manipulated. Negative vs. positive correlation imply a relationship |
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Causation |
Action or occurrence that causes another. The result is always predictable providing a clear relationship |
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Placebo |
Inactive pill/ treatment |
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Placebo effect |
Something happens after taking a placebo because participant expects change |
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Fear |
Immediately, sympathetic nervous system action |
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Anxiety |
Future oriented, irrational. Somatic systems: muscle tension, restlessness, elevated heart rate |
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Panic Control Treatment |
Relaxation/ Breathing. Cognitive therapy. Exposure to interoceptive cue- creating mini panic attacks to develop alternative attitude towards fears situation |
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Phobias
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Extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation,Feared situation almost always provokes anxietySignificant impairment or distress
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Obsessions: Intrusive and nonsensical Thoughts, images, or urgesAttempts to resist or eliminate.Compulsions/Rituals:Thoughts or actions Provide relief from obsessive thoughts.
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Somatic symptom disorders
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excessive or maladaptive response to physical symptoms or health concerns. Preoccupation with health or symptoms.Physical complaints Usually no identifiable medical condition
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Illness Anxiety Disorder
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Severe anxiety about the possibility of having or acquiring a serious disease.Actual symptoms are either very mild or absent.Strong disease conviction.Medical reassurance does not seem to help.
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Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
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Altered motor or sensory function that is inconsistent with neural/medical conditions and not better explained by another disorder.Often suggestive of neurological problem, but no such problem is detected.
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Factitious Disorders
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Purposely faking physical symptoms May actually induce physical symptoms or just pretend to have themNo obvious external gains
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Malingering
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which physical symptoms are faked for the purpose of achieving a concrete objective (e.g., getting paid time off, avoiding military service)
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Dissociative Disorders
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Severe alterations or detachments from realityAffect identity, memory, or consciousness
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Two key depressive symptoms
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Extremely depressed mood and/or loss of pleasure (anhedonia) Lasts most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks . At least 4 additional physical or cognitive symptoms: E.g., indecisiveness, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, appetite change, restlessness or feeling slowed down, sleep disturbance |
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• Mania Symptoms
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Elevated, expansive mood for at least one week Inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, flight of ideas or sense that thoughts are racing, easy distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in pleasurable but risky behaviors |
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• Persistent Depressive Disorder
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Depressed mood most of the day on more than 50% of days.No more than two months symptom free.Symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years).May include periods of more severe major depressive symptoms
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• Grief & bereavement
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Acute grief: Occurs immediately after loss. Integrated grief: Eventual coming to terms with meaning of the loss.Complicated grief: Persistent acute grief and inability to come to terms with loss |
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• Beck’s cognitive triad
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Think negatively about oneself,Think negatively about the world,Think negatively about the future
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• Mood Disorder Treatment
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Antidepressants:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Lithium carbonate = a common salt Electroconvulsive Therapy Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Cognitive-behavioral therapyAddresses cognitive errors in thinkingAlso includes behavioral components including behavioral activation (scheduling valued activities) |
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• Suicide risk factors |
Suicide in the family Low serotonin levelsPreexisting psychological disorderAlcohol use and abuseStressful life event, especially humiliationPast suicidal behaviorPlan and access to lethal methods |
