Psychology Exam 5

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psychological disorder

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a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable

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medical model

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the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured.

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bio-psycho-social perspective

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a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

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DSM-IV

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

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dissociative disorders

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder

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a rear dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social funtioning

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods

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manic episode

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may ccompany psychotic disorders

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psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's therapeutic technique - believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from conscuousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

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transference

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the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

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client-centered therapy

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a therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth

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active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli - used to treat phobias

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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token economy

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an operant conditioning profedure that rewards desired behavior

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

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light exposure therapy

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a way of treating SAD

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

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a form of depression that comes at certain times of the year - winter, overcast, rain

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

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rapidly moving the eyes to decrease anxiety

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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lithium

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a chamical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorder

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elecroconvulsive therapy (ECT

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrolably emotional or violent patients