Psychology Exam 4

Front 1

What is personality?

Back 1

An individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling and acting

Front 2

What are the 3 main elements of the psychodynamic perspective?

Back 2

unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, defense mechanisms

Front 3

Free association

Back 3

unconscious mind; say the first things that comes into mind from picture (Freudian slips)

Front 4

Burger study

Back 4

Experiment on male participants, sexy RA or another male asking them o fill in blanks in sentences; then the sexy RA was there they used more inuendos

Front 5

Latent content

Back 5

underlying symbols in dreams, hidden psychologican meaning in dream

Front 6

manifest content

Back 6

actual literal subject-matter of dream

Front 7

What are two tests that dig deeper into the subconscious?

Back 7

rorscach test, interpreting pictures; thematic apperception test in which patient tells a story by looking at picture

Front 8

Id

Back 8

pleasure principle

Front 9

Ego

Back 9

executive in personality

Front 10

Superego

Back 10

social restraints

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Oral stage

Back 11

(0-18 months) pleasure center on mouth

Front 12

Anal stage

Back 12

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination

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Phallic stage

Back 13

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is genitals - oedipus complex

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Latency stage

Back 14

(6 to puberty) dormant sexual feelings

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Genital (puberty on)

Back 15

maturation of sexual interests

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repression

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defense mechanism- banishes anxiety-arousing feelings thoughts, and memories from consciousness

Front 17

Regression

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defense mechanism- leads to an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Front 18

Reaction formation

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Defense mechanism; causes the ego to unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.

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Projection

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Leads people to disguise their own threatning impulses by attributing them to others
- the thief thinks everyone else is a thief

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Rationalization

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offers self-justifying explanation in place of the real, more threatning, unconscious reasons for one's actions

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Displacement

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Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Front 22

Humanistic theories about Freud

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focus on present and future (not past)
ex: Henry Ford T model and hybrid cars

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Self actualization

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according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic phhysical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fufill one's potential

Front 24

What was right with Freud's theory?

Back 24

The unconscious mind, modern research shows the existence of nonconscious information processing; schemas that automaticaly control perceptives and interpretations; implicit memories; emotions that activate instantly without consciousness; we defend ourselves from anxiety

Front 25

What was Freud wrong about?

Back 25

Personality develops throughout life, gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age, verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices-

ex: now adays sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.

Front 26

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 26

physiological needs- eating, dispose
safety- safety from violence, financial destituitino\
belonging needs- friends, family, sexual intimacy
esteem needs- to be respected, respected by others
self actualization- make most of our lives

Front 27

Ways to encourage self actualization

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Genuine- open to own feelings; dropping fascades
Accepting- unconditional positive regard
Empathetic- listen, reflect and respond to feelings of others

Front 28

Humanistive Perspective of Mavlow

Back 28

humanistic perspective has a persuasive impact on counseling, education, child and management
Concepts in humanistic psych have vague and subjective and something scientific basis

Front 29

The Big 5 (know this)

Back 29

Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion

Front 30

personal control

Back 30

whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling, or as controlled by, our environment

Front 31

external locus of control

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refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fat

Front 32

Internal locus of control

Back 32

refers to the perception that we control our own fate

Front 33

Definitions of mental illness

Back 33

Statistical definitions, structural pathology, brain structures, neurotransmitters, inability to function/distress, societal norms

Front 34

DSM- IV-TR

Back 34

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Front 35

Axis I

Back 35

Is a clinical syndrome present?
cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders (16 syndromes)

Front 36

Axis II

Back 36

Is a personality disorder or intellectual disability present?

Front 37

Axis III

Back 37

Is a General medical Condition, such as diabetes, hypertension or athritis also present?

Front 38

Axis IV

Back 38

Are psychosocial or environmental problems also present?

Front 39

Axis V

Back 39

what is the global assessment of the person's functioning?

Front 40

Validity

Back 40

the extent to which the systems categories are clinically meaninful
On being sane in insane places

Front 41

biological perspective on mental disorders

Back 41

mental disorder as physical diseas

Front 42

psychodynamic perspective

Back 42

result of unconscious conflict

Front 43

cognitive perspective

Back 43

learned maladaptive thought patters cause mental disorders

Front 44

behavioral perspctive of mental disorders

Back 44

result of conditioning (classical or operant)

Front 45

sociolcultural perspective of mental disorders

Back 45

larger culture important to development of mental disease

Front 46

predisposing causes; multiple causation

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in place before onset and make person susceptible, inherited, learned beliefs

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precipitating causes; multiple causation

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immediate events that bring on the disorder, loss, when predisposition high, precipitating event may be small

Front 48

maintaining causes; multiple causation

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consequences of the disorder that keep disorder giong once it begins
sometimes positive- attention
often negative- lack of friends

Front 49

anxiety

Back 49

diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehension

Front 50

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 50

more or less constant worry about many issues

Front 51

hypervigilance

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refers to an enhanced state of sensory sensitivity and heightened attention to environmental threat detection and avoidance

Front 52

phobias

Back 52

intense, irrational fear of specific things
treatment- exposure therapy

Front 53

OCD

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obsessive compulsive disorder; must spend at least 1 hour a day in compulsive behaviors,

Front 54

obsessions

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irrational, disturbing and intrusive thoughts

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compulsions

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repetitive actions done to alleviate obsesions

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panic disorder

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panic attack, helpless terror high physio. arousal

Front 57

PTSD

Back 57

post traumatic stress disorder; nightmares, flashbacks and depression after a traumatic event

Front 58

where do anxiety disorders come from?

Back 58

learning: conditioning, observational learning
natrual selection
genes
brains

Front 59

depression

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symptoms include sadness, feelings of worthlessness, changes in sleep, changes in eating, anhedonia, suicidal behavioral

Front 60

major depression

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prolonged, severe depression which lasts about 2 weeks

Front 61

dysthymia

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less severe, but long-lasting depression of about 2 years. can have both at same time and women are diagnosed more often than men

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biological basis for depression

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neurotrasmitter theories:
- drugs that increase serotonin relive depression (Prozac)
-genetic component
- more closely related people show similiar histories of depression

Front 63

cognitive basis for depression

Back 63

- depressed people tend to make negative attributions about themselves and distort information to fit these views
hopelessness theory:
negative experiences are due to STABLE, GLOBAL AND INTERNAL cases

Front 64

Swann, Wenzlaff, Krull and Pelham

Back 64

self verification, depressed students chose the person with negative comments for them

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treatment for depression

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cognitive therapy:
- collaborative empiricism to investigate negative thinking
ex; nobody likes me
- rational emotive therapy
ex: more direct, confronts irrational beliefs, abc model
-medication
-ECT

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bipolar disorder

Back 66

manic-depression in which the person cycles between mood levels of very low (depression) and very high (mania)

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treatment for bipolar disorder

Back 67

lithium or depakote

Front 68

dissociative identity dosorder

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2 or more distinct personalities by same person at different times; linked with abuse

Front 69

spanos study

Back 69

asked college students to pretend they were accused murderers being examined by a psychiatrist, and when hypnotized they expressed a 2nd personality

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culture bound?

Back 70

happened 2 a year before and now it is very much in culture

Front 71

antisocial personality disorder

Back 71

lack of conscience, lack of emotional reactions, irresponsible, lack of interest in social rewards

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social risk factors for antisocial personality disorder

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stealing, fighting, unrestrained sexual behavior,

Front 73

biological risk factors for antisocial personality disorder

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low levels of arousal to stress, genes predispose some kids to respond worse to maltreatment

Front 74

schizophrenia

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means "split mind", refers not to a multiple-personality split but rather to a split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, distrubted perceptions and inappropriate emotions

Front 75

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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hallucinations, delusions

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negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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absence of normal cognition or affect

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disorganized symptoms

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disorganized speech, behaviors

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overinclusion

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disorganized symptoms; jumping from idea to idea without logical association

Front 79

paralogic

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disorganized symptoms; on the surface, seems logical, but seriously flawed

Front 80

what are the subtypes of schizophrenia?

Back 80

paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual

Front 81

paranoid

Back 81

subtype; preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

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disorganized

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subtype; disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or innaprpropriate emotion

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Catatonic

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subtype; immobility, extreme negativism, parrotlike repatin of other people

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undifferentiated

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subtype; many and varied symptoms

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residual

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subtype; withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have dissapeared

Front 86

biological bases for schizophrenia

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genetic
brain amnormalities (6x more d4 receptors)
brain shrinkage/ large ventricles
traumatic birth: low birth weight, oxygen deprivation, a mid-pregnancy viral infection that impairs fetal development

Front 87

what is an artist that had schizophrenia?

Back 87

Louis Wain

Front 88

Behaviorial therapies for schizophrenia

Back 88

primarily drug treatments, clozapine and risperadal (dopamine drugs) and patients requiring supervision