Psychology Exam 4,

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Psychotherapy

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Treatment in which a trained professional-a therapist-uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth.

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Biomedical therapy

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Therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning.

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Eclectic approach to therapy

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Using a variety of methods as a part of treatment.

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Clinical Psychologists

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Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who have also completed a postgraduate internship. They specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties.

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Counseling Psychologists.

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Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Ed.D. who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems, often in a university mental health clinic.

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Psychiatrists

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M.D.s with postgraduate training in abnormal behavior. Because they can prescribe medication, they often treat the most severe disorders.

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Psychoanalysts

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Either M.D.s or psychologists who specialize in psychoanalysis, the treatment technique first developed by Freud.

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Licensed Professional Counselors or Clinical Mental Health Counselors

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Professionals with a master's degree who provide therapy to individuals, couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification.

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Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers

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Professionals with a master's degree and specialized training who may provide therapy, usually regarding common family and personal problems.

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Psychodynamic threapy

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Therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively.

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Psychoanalysis

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Freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior.

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Types of defense mechanisms

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1) repression-most common
2) projection

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A YAVIS client

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Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, Successful

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Transference

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The transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures.

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Techniques of psychoanalytical therapy

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1) Free association - just talk
2) Dream interpretation - manifest and latent content

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Resistance

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The inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations.

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Behavioral treatment approaches

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Treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned.

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Aversive Conditioning

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A form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior.

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Systematic desensitization

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A behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety.

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A hierarchy of fears

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A list, in order of increasing severity, of the things you associate with your fears.

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Exposure

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A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear.

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Gradual exposure

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Patients are exposed to a feared stimulus in gradual steps.

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Token system

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Rewards a person for desired behavior with a token.

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Contingency Contracting

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A written agreement between the therapist and client establishing the goals and the positive consequences of reaching those goals.

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Observational learning

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The process in which the behavior of other people is modeled to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties.

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Dialectical behavior therapy

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A form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are, regardless of whether it matches their ideal.

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Cognitive treatment approaches

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Treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves.

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Cognitive-behavioral approach

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A treatment approach that incorporates basic principle of learning to change the way people think.

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Rational-emotive behavior therapy

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A form of therapy that attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior.

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A-B-C model of rational-emotive behavior therapy

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Negative ACTIVATING Condition (break-up).
Irrational BELIEF System ("I'll never be loved again").
Emotional CONSEQUENCES (anxiety, loneliness, sadness, depression).

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Cognitive appraisal

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Clients are asked to evaluate situations, themselves, and others in terms of their memories, values, beliefs, thoughts and expectations.

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Humanistic therapy

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Therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives , and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems.

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Person-centered (client-centered) therapy

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Therapy in which the goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization

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Methods of nondirective counseling

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reflection & clarification

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Methods of person-centered therapy

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Unconditional positive regard & a demonstration that therapist is caring, nonjudgmental, and empathetic

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Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

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Short-term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships

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Group therapy

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Therapy in which people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems

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Family therapy

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An approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics

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Spontaneous remission

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Recovery without treatment. Initially proposed by Hans Eysenck.