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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language Development
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*infants start "in fantis" = "not speaking".
*begging receptive language: reading lips, discriminating speech sounds *Babbling Stage *One-word stage *Two-word stage *telegraphic speech |
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Skinner: Operant Learning
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believed we can explain language development with familiar learning principles such as association, imitation, reinforcement. Argued that babies learn to talk in the same ways that animals learn to peck keys and press bars.
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Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
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When a young brain does not learn any language, its language-learning capacity never fully develops.
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Language Influences Thinking: Linguistic Determinism (Relativity)
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language determines the way we think...
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Animal Thinking and Language
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Animals can form concepts, display insight. They are shaped by reinforcements.
Without a doubt, animals communicate. but they don't necessarily "talk"/speak language. |
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Phonemes
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is the smallest linguistically distinctive unit of sound.
The /k/ sound in "kite" and "kid" is a phoneme. |
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Morphemes
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is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. In spoken language, morphemes are composed of phonemes
The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. (Morphemes are different from words) |
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Prosody
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is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of connected speech (as opposed to smaller elements like syllables or words). Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of a speaker; whether an utterance is a statement, a question, or a command; whether the speaker is being ironic or sarcastic; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary.
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Phonetic Symbolism
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the notion that phonemes can convey meaning on their own, apart from their configuration in words.
Like words that imitate sounds (referred to as onomatopoeia) |
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McGurk Effect
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a perceptual phenomenon which demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. It suggests that speech perception is multimodal, that is, that it involves information from more than one sensory modality.
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3 Bears Rule
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Children use basic (just right in size) categories to classify
things before they learn larger or smaller categories. A rule that applies to children when they are learning words... it cannot be too big that they cannot grasp, but it cannot be too specific that they can't catch on, it has to be just right. ex. mammal-too big, boxer-too small, dog-just right. |
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Critical Period
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Childhood is a critical period for mastering certain aspects of language... when young brains do not learn any language, their learning capacity never fully develops.
the critical period for a child to learn words is the age 2-5. - a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life. |
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Over regularization
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- happens about 2-2.5 years old where they start to use the word too much and so they use it in the wrong context.
or hasty generalization, is a logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence. "coming to conclusions". Ex. Person A travels through Town X for the first time. He sees 10 people, all of them children. Person A returns to his town and reports that there are no adult residents in Town X. |
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Spoonerism
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takes a word from the beginning and switches it with one at then end. I solved a hystery in my mistory class. History—mystery
an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched. Ex. A blushing crow. (crushing blow) |
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Broca and Wernicke's area
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Broca is when you have difficulty saying certain words. ex. old person cannot say umbrella, the will just say it keeps the rain off. wernicke is when it is hard to hear the words coming in. They are garbled.
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Receptive Apashias
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wernicke's area is also called receptive aphasia. where you have a hard time hearing the word.
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Expressive Apashias
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When the word is on the 'tip of your tongue'
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Syntactic Apashaias
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when you lose your grammar, you know the words but you can't put them together.
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Dove Counterbalance Test
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1960s IQ test proved to be too strong; if you don’t have prior knowledge then you won’t do as well, can be culturally bias
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Spearman's (g) vs. Gardner's Multiple intelligences
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Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in packages of relatively independent intelligences. A person may be weak in some areas and strong in others. Extreme case: savants.
savant syndrome- a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. |
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Binet
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predicting school achievement
-made it required for kids in france to go to school, developed a test measuring the child's "mental age" the level of performance typically associated with a certain age. Binet hoped that this would improve the children's education, but also feared that it would label and limit the children. |
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Terman
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the innate IQ-realized that binet's idea was wrong and it DID label and limit the children, Terman extended the upper division parts of the test, keeping certain parts, getting rid of others, and adding new parts to the test now called Stanford-Binet (stand ford where terman taught).
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WAIS
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realized that binet's idea was wrong and it DID label and limit the children, Terman extended the upper division parts of the test, keeping certain parts, getting rid of others, and adding new parts to the test now called Stanford-Binet (standford where terman taught).
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Creativity and Intelligence
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a genius has an IQ above 120 and must be creative!
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The Terman Study
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looked for really high IQ people, not necessarily smarter people... able to score high on IQ test, but not necessarily go anywhere in life because people skills and creativity are important also. Determined that people with high IQs are not weak and are not socially backwards but they in fact do a lot of great things (write books, etc) Later studies proved that high IQ didn't matter, you just needed high enough creativity
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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
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When studying twins, it seemed that IQ was inherited. Researchers found that the higher the parents' IQs, the higher their child's IQ tended to be. At the same time, there was less consistency between the IQs of adoptive parents and their adoptive children. Many other factors are related to the development of intelligence. These include parent education, family financial status, family size, and early schooling. Parents who provide a rich learning environment and foster good learning behaviors will have children with better than average IQ scores, barring any medical causes of mental retardation.
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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores: Ethnic Similarities and Differences
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Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests. (They also attend school 30% more days per year and spend much more time studying math). White and black infants scored same level on infant intelligence measure. Different eras, different ethnic groups have experienced periods of remarkable achievement (First Greeks and Egyptians, then Romans, then Arab, Aztec, now Asian technological skills.) Can't attribute a natural superiority to any race.
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Myths about Intelligence
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- people with high IQ’s are anti-social, not healthy, always good in math….all these are myths some are social, healthy, etc.
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Cultural Bias
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usually favoring cultures(ex. author of book, music composer, etc.)
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The Pyschoanalytic Perspective
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Freud suggests that there is a structure of the mind that includes the id, the superego and the ego. These structures struggle for control of the energy of the psyche.
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Id
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The lowest, basic, instinctual, selfish, ‘it', animalistic, pleasure part of personality. Wants what feels good: sex and aggression. Doesn't care about others or consequences.
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Pleasure Principle
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a psychoanalytic concept, originated by Sigmund Freud, that continuously drives one to seek pleasure and to avoid pain; its counterpart is the reality principle.
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Ego
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reality - real world principle; - diplomat among personalities, in between, 'we're going to get a job and buy food', lives in the real world. - the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisying teh id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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Reality Principle
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a psychoanalytic concept originated by Sigmund Freud that compels one to defer instant gratification when necessary because of the obstacles of reality. It is the governing principle of the ego and stands in opposition to the pleasure principle of the id.
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Superego
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that part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and and prodivdes standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Angel with halo on your shoulder...above you, doesn't let you get what you want, "it's wrong to kill" , the part that makes you guilty |
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Oral Stage
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term used by Sigmund Freud to describe his theory of child development during the first 18 months of life, in which an infant's pleasure centers are in the mouth. This is the first of Freud's psychosexual stages.
it is centered on the mouth- food is like sex, if you don't get it then you might be fixated on your mouth. either optimistic or pessimistic |
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Anal Stage
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term used by Sigmund Freud to describe the development during the second year of life, in which a child's pleasure and conflict centers are in the anal area. This stage is exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in controlling his or her bowels. This is second of Freud's psychosexual stages. According to Freud's theories, inability to resolve the conflicts of this stage may cause anal retentive or anal expulsive fixations.
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Phallic Stage
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- the third stage of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development that occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. The source of pleasure at this stage is the genitals. This is also the stage where the conflict of the Oedipus and Electra complex is worked through.
-Boy notices mom at age 3 as a sexual object, but sees dad as being "in the way". Because dad is big, boy develops fear of castration and takes in father's superego -Girl believes she's already been castrated (Penis-envy) |
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Latency Stage
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do nothing (free space) basically no sexual energy at this stage of development
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Genital Stage
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sexual energy stays within the genitals this stage begins at puberty and constitutes mature adult sexuality.
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Oedipus Complex
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Unconscious sexual attraction to mother at age 3: boy notices mom as sexual object, sees dad as being "in the way", dad is big which leads to boy's fear of castraction. The male decides to be like the father so they can be with a woman like their mother. First use of conscious.
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Fixation
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state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or object. Sigmund Freud theorized that some humans may develop psychological fixation due to: 1) A lack of proper gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development, or 2) Receiving too strong of an impression from one of these stages, in which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout adult life. Whether a particularly obsessive attachment is a fixation or a defensible expression of love is at times debatable. Fixation to intangibles (i.e., ideas, ideologies, etc.) can also occur.
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Repression
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when people just banish anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
the psychological act of excluding desires and impulses (wishes, fantasies or feelings) from one's consciousness and holding or subduing them in the unconscious. Since the popularization of Sigmund Freud's work in psychoanalysis, repression is now accepted as a common defense mechanism in everyday life. Ex. Repressed memory |
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Reaction Formation
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defense mechanism: people show attitudes that are opposite what they unconsciously feel in order to reduce anxiety
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Projection
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- when you take what makes you anxious and you get rid of it by putting it on someone else.
transference: patient reacts to therapist in the way they would react to someone else important from earlier in life (transfers feelings) counter-transference: how the therapist views the patient (thinks of them as their daughter) creates problems in therapy. |
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Rationalization
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when you self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
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Electra Complex
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woman believes she's already been castrated ... penis-envy
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Denial
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when you are not admitting it to yourself; transfer, use tools to resist therapy, etc.
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Sublimation
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mature way of allowing you to do what you want to do in a manner accepted by society.
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projective tests
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- (low validity) project inner-self onto test, reliable sometimes
a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. This is different from an "objective test" in which responses are analyzed according to a universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam). The responses to projective tests are content analyzed for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. Projective tests in general rely heavily on clinical judgement, lack reliability and validity and many have no standardized criteria to compare results to, but are still used frequently. |
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TAT
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showing pictures(not valid)(projective)--projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
The Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) - is similar to the Rorschach inkblot test. Subjects are shown pictures and asked to tell a story based on what they see. Both these projective assessment tools elicit important information about underlying psychological fears and needs. The TAT was developed in 1935 by Morgan and Murray. The test comprises 31 cards. One card is blank and the other thirty include blurred but emotionally powerful (or even disturbing) photographs and drawings. Rorschach inkblot test - a method of psychological evaluation. Psychologists use this test to try to examine the personality characteristics and emotional functioning of their patients. The Rorschach is currently the second most commonly used test in forensic assessment, after the MMPI. Many skeptics consider the Rorschach inkblot test pseudoscience, as several studies suggested that conclusions reached by test administrators were akin to cold reading. |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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the most widely used projective test, a set of ten inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. a method of psychological evaluation. Psychologists use this test to try to examine the personality characteristics and emotional functioning of their patients. The Rorschach is currently the second most commonly used test in forensic assessment, after the MMPI. Many skeptics consider the Rorschach inkblot test pseudoscience, as several studies suggested that conclusions reached by test administrators were akin to cold reading.
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MMPI
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology. Developed in late 1930’s.
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MMPI-2
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nonprojectice; asks questions that are T/F was standardized on a new national sample of adults in the United States and released in 1989. It is appropriate for use with adults 18 and over. Subsequent revisions of certain test elements have been published, and a wide variety of subscales was also introduced over many years to help clinicians interpret the results of the original clinical scales, which had been found to contain a general factor that made interpretation of scores on the clinical scales difficult. The current MMPI-2 has 567 items, all true-or-false format, and usually takes between 1 and 2 hours to complete.
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Reliability
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the degree to which test produces consistent scores
i.e. Same weight on scale each time. |
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Validity
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degree to which test measures what it promises to measure
"Is this scale giving you your accurate weight?" |
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Construct Validity
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even if it doesn't seem right, it correlates with other accurate tests... so, it must be right! (eventually)
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Face Validity
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high face validity: "can you loan me some money?"
low face validity: find out info without directly asking... want to know if they have money, ask: "You been working lately?" Ask low-face to protect self; i.e. from rejection (asking someone out) |
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Predicitve validity
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future; predicts better than just guessing.
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Concurrent Validity
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right now; driver's test: need to be valid right now... they don't care if you're going to be a good driver a week from now (that would be predictive)
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Barnum Effect
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Tells things that are generally true of everyone; makes you think "Oh wow! How'd you know that?! You're SO right!"
(Aunt Fanny)information given to you after a long test that mostly applies to everybody Ex. you are an independent, romantic at heart.etc also called the Forer effect/personal validation fallacy, the Barnum Effect was named after P. T. Barnum's observation that "we've got something for everyone". It is the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. The Barnum effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, and some types of personality tests. |
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Nonprojective Tests
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MMPI 1 and 2 are non-projective.
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all tests discussed in class & their format & whether or not they are projective
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projective:
*"draw a person" - analyze drawing; tells you about the drawer... generally not that good. **Rorschach - less projective that drawing test; very popular but no one knows why, also not that good. **Completion test: "I like..." "I feel..." "The future..." complete the sentences. Also projective. NON-projective: MMPI 1 and 2, 2 uses true/false questions |
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For all disorders, know the symptoms and be able to diagnose
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xx
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generalized anxiety disorder
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- when a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
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phobia
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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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– an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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when a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event.
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Phobias
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xx
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somatoform conversion disorder
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conversion hysteria) - A disorder whose symptoms appear to have a physical cause,
but are actually the result of mental processes. |
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fugue state
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"fugue" means to flee - flee from previous lives and start over
formally Dissociative Fugue (previously called Psychogenic Fugue), a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality and other identifying characteristics of individuality. The state is usually short-lived (hours to days), but can last months or longer. Dissociative fugue usually involves unplanned travel or wandering, and is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity. After recovery from fugue, previous memories usually return intact, however there is complete amnesia for the fugue episode. Importantly, an episode is not characterized as a fugue if it can be related to the ingestion of psychotropic substances, to trauma, to a general medical condition, or to psychiatric conditions such as delerium or dementia, bipolar disorder or depression. Fugues are usually precipitated by a stressful episode, and upon recovery there may be amnesia for the original stressor (Dissociative Amnesia). |
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dissociative
identity disorder (multiple personality) |
disorder in which consciousness is separated from thoughts and feelings
- a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a condition in which a single person displays multiple distinct identities or personalities (known as alter egos or alters), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment. The diagnosis requires that at least two personalities routinely take control of the individual's behavior with an associated memory loss that goes beyond normal forgetfulness; in addition, symptoms cannot be due to drug use or medical condition. |
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Personality Disorders--antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Has hard time keep job, not responsible at all, add brains… BAD.
A disorder in which lack of conscience leads to amoral acts without concern or remorse |
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Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder--bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formerly called manic-depressive disorder
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Schizophrenia
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A type of psychosis characterized by positive symptom) e.g., hallucinations
and delusions)and negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect) |
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Delusions
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A thought or belief that has no basis in reality
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Hallucinations
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- A seemingly sensory experience actually created by the mind
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia (paranoid & disorganized &
catatonic & undifferentiated), |
Paranoid - (47%) Where delusions and hallucinations are present but thought disorder, disorganized behavior, and affective flattening are absent. Tends to happen later in life. Delusions
Disorganized - (12%) Named hebephrenic schizophrenia in the ICD. Where thought disorder and flat affect are present together. -Hallucinations Catatonic - The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated, purposeless movement. Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility Undifferentiated - (40%)Psychotic symptoms are present but the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic types have not been met |
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somatoform conversion disorder
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conversion hysteria) - A disorder whose symptoms appear to have a physical cause,
but are actually the result of mental processes. |
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fugue state
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"fugue" means to flee - flee from previous lives and start over
formally Dissociative Fugue (previously called Psychogenic Fugue), a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality and other identifying characteristics of individuality. The state is usually short-lived (hours to days), but can last months or longer. Dissociative fugue usually involves unplanned travel or wandering, and is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity. After recovery from fugue, previous memories usually return intact, however there is complete amnesia for the fugue episode. Importantly, an episode is not characterized as a fugue if it can be related to the ingestion of psychotropic substances, to trauma, to a general medical condition, or to psychiatric conditions such as delerium or dementia, bipolar disorder or depression. Fugues are usually precipitated by a stressful episode, and upon recovery there may be amnesia for the original stressor (Dissociative Amnesia). |
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dissociative
identity disorder (multiple personality) |
disorder in which consciousness is separated from thoughts and feelings
- a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a condition in which a single person displays multiple distinct identities or personalities (known as alter egos or alters), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment. The diagnosis requires that at least two personalities routinely take control of the individual's behavior with an associated memory loss that goes beyond normal forgetfulness; in addition, symptoms cannot be due to drug use or medical condition. |
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Personality Disorders--antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Has hard time keep job, not responsible at all, add brains… BAD.
A disorder in which lack of conscience leads to amoral acts without concern or remorse |
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Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder--bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formerly called manic-depressive disorder
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Schizophrenia
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A type of psychosis characterized by positive symptom) e.g., hallucinations
and delusions)and negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect) |
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Delusions
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A thought or belief that has no basis in reality
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Hallucinations
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- A seemingly sensory experience actually created by the mind
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia (paranoid & disorganized &
catatonic & undifferentiated), |
Paranoid - (47%) Where delusions and hallucinations are present but thought disorder, disorganized behavior, and affective flattening are absent. Tends to happen later in life. Delusions
Disorganized - (12%) Named hebephrenic schizophrenia in the ICD. Where thought disorder and flat affect are present together. -Hallucinations Catatonic - The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated, purposeless movement. Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility Undifferentiated - (40%)Psychotic symptoms are present but the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic types have not been met |
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theories about the cause of
schizophrenia, |
Dopamine(neural transmitter involved)
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cross-fostering studies
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doesn’t matter who brings you up (schizophrenia parents or normal parents)…it all depends on the genes!
a technique used in selective breeding, genetic and nature versus nurture studies, and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates. This can also occasionally occur in nature. Cross-Fostering can be used to study the impact of genetics and environment on behaviors. If cross-fostered offspring show a behavioral trait similar to their biological parents and dissimilar from their foster parents, a behavior can be shown to have a genetic basis. Similarly if the offspring develops traits dissimilar to their biological parents and similar to their foster parents environmental factors are shown to be dominant. In many cases there is a blend of the two, which shows both genes and environment play a part. |
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Genetic Factors (pg 489-490 only)
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Some genes influence the effects of domapine and other nuerotransmitters in the brain. Others affect the production of myelin, a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve cells and lets impulses travel at high speed through neural networks. The complex disorder is influenced by multiple genes with small effects. Some other factors include; prenatal viral infections, nutritional deprivation, oxygen deprivation at birth. These may "turn on" the genese that predispose this disease.
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