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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Motivation
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The forces that energize and direct behavior
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Instinct Theory
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Fixed pattern, characteristics of entire species, unlearned
Ex: breathing |
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Drive (Push) theory
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Needs drive/push you to behave in certain ways
Ex: We're hungry, so our drive is to eat |
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Homeostasis
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Balance
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Drive theory
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Incentive (Pull) theory
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Pulled by incentives in our environment
Ex: Food |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs pyramid
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Bottom to top:
1) Physiological Needs 2) Safety & Security 3) Love & Belongingness 4) Esteem 5) Self-actualization |
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Hunger motivation
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What we eat: Culture,
Why: Psychology/ emotional states When: Social situations |
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Hypothalamus
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Brain region that controls hunger
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Lateral hypothalamus
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Purpose: makes you hungry
Stimulate: keep eating Destroy: stop eating |
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
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Makes you stop eating
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Achievement motivation
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- Meed to master difficult challenges to outperform others
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High need (achievement motivation)
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Choose medium task
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Behavioral (emotion)
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Facial expressions
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Ekman & Friesen's study of emotion
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The study of how good people were at identifying an emotion by looking at a facial expression
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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Stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
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Cannon-Bard
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Stimulus -> emotion & arousal at the same time
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Schacter's theory of emotion
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Stimulus -> arousal & environment -> emotion
Look to environment for cues |
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Low need (achievement motivation)
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Choose easy/difficult talks because they don't care
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Intrinsic motivation (internal)
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- Moved to perform behavior for their own sake
Ex: Playing soccer because you enjoy it |
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Extrinsic motivation (external)
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- Motivated to perform due to rewards and punishments
Ex: Going to class because you have a quiz |
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3 components of emotion
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Cognitive, physiological, behavioral
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Cognitive (emotion)
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Evaluation of emotion
Ex: I'm happy |
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Happiness theories
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Adaptation level & social comparison
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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Stimulus -> arousal -> emotion, weakest theory. "I feel afraid because I tremble"
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Cannon-Bard
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Stimulus -> emotion & arousal at the same time. "The dog makes me tremble because i feel afraid"
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Physiological (emotion)
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Arousal that accompanies emotion
- autonomic nervous system |
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Development
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Changes that occur with the passage of time
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Longitudinal (research design)
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- You get tested today, a year later, year after that, and so on
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Cross-sectional (research design)
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Ex: get people from different age groups and test them at once
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Stages of prenatal development
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1. Germinal stage: Placenta begins to form
2. Embryonic stage: Vital organs start to form 3. Fetal stage: Muscles & bones begin to form |
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Cephalocaudal
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Development begins from head down
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Proximodistal
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Development occurs from the middle out
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Vision (perceptual development)
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Newborns see blurred images
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Visual cliff
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The class babies are on top of to test if they have depth perception
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Vision & Hearing
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- New borns can hear better than they can see, 20/20 vision by age 4
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Motor development (reflexes)
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Blinking
Stepping Babinski: stroke baby's foot Rooting: putting a finger in newborn's mouth Palmar grasp |
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Cognitive Development
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Mental development, by Piaget
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Assimilation
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- use existing info to interpret new info
Ex: Cats and dogs are her animal schema & she thinks a squirrel is a cat |
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Accommodation
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- Add new info to existing schema
Ex: She knows a squirrel is not a dog or a cat because her parents told her |
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(1) Stage of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor- object permanence
Ex: Recognize objects continue to exist although no longer visible |
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(2) Stages of Cognitive Development
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Preoperational- ego centric, haven't mastered conservation (understanding that physical quantities stay the same regardless of appearance or shape) Ex: pouring small glass of water into tall glass
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Acute disease
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- Relatively sudden onset & brief duration
- usually not the cause of death Ex: flu, pneumonia |
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(4) Stages of Cognitive Development
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Formal operations: can deal with abstract concepts & better at problem solving
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Major causes of death
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- Cardiovascular disease
- cancer - strokes - accidents |
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Kubler-Ross stages of dying
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1) Denial
2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance |
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Health Psychology
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Concerned with how psychological factors relate to the promotion & maintenance of health
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Stressors
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Events that trigger stress
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Lazarus
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Daily hassles scale- every day, little things that cause you stress
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Frustration inflict
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Pursuit of some goal is stopped/interfered with
Ex: Finding parking to get to a class |
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Life expectancy
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Number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live
Ex: Males 76 Female 81 |
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Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance
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Trying to make a decision between 2 unattractive things
Ex: 2 tests, which should I study for first? |
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Chronic disease
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Slow onset & long duration Ex: Heart problems, hypertension
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Conflict: Approach-avoidance
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Trying to make a decision between a thing that has attractive & unattractive aspects
Ex: you got a job offer but it's far |
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Change: Life change hang
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Noticeable alteration in one's living circumstances that requires adjustments
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Health Psychology
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Concerned with how psychological factors affect a person's health
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Pressure: to perform
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A salesman that doesn't perform doesn't get money
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Pressure: to conformi
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You wanna drive 100mph but can't because you'll get a ticket
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Immune response
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Body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, vital agents or other foreign substances
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Lymphocytes
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- Specialized white blood cells
- Stressors reduce lymphocyte reactions - ex: study on college campus |
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(4) Stages of Cognitive Development
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Formal operations: can deal with abstract concepts & better at saving problems
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Strange situation test
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Have babies with their moms and have them leave to see how babies react
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Change
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Life changes that require adjustments
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Insecure style of attachment
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Baby is mad at or ignoring the mom
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Crystallized intelligence
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Accumulation of verbal skills and factual knowledge
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Pressure: to conform
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You wanna drive 100mph but can't because you'll get a ticket
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Lymphocytes
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- white blood cells, help fight disease
- Ex: study on college campus -> in moments of stress our defense goes down & were more prone to get sick |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Freud
- attempts to explain personality, motivation, & psychological disorders by focusing on early childhood experiences |
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Id
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- Present at birth
- wants immediate satisfaction for it's urges - thinking very illogical |
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Trait Theory
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Predisposition to behave in certain ways. Ex: nice, patient. Criticism of theory: not everyone is consistent
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Humanistic Theory
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Emphasis on unique qualities of humans; free will, potential of growth
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Maslow
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- Self-actualizing person
- Healthy personality: clear picture of reality, independence, continued personal growth, peace w/ yourself |
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Rogers
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Believed in 3 conditions necessary for personal growth
- Genuineness - Acceptance - Empathy |
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Social Cognitive Theory
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An individual's behavior is influenced by the environment
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Levels of Awareness
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Conscious, pre conscious, & unconscious
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Behavior; environmental factors; personal factors (triangle)
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Preconscious
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Not what you're currently thinking of, but you can remember it easily
Ex: What you had for dinner last night |
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Distinct personality
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Not everyone acts alike in similar situations
Ex: You're stuck in an elevator, some people panic & some don't |
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Unconscious
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Information you do not have immediate access to
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Defense mechanisms
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What helps us reduce anxiety
- Repression, Rationalization, Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, Regression, Sublimation |
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Repression
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You keep information buried in your unconscious mind
Ex: Something that's traumatic |
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Rationalization
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You come up with an excuse for unacceptable behavior
Ex: you go to a party Thursday besides the fact you have a test Friday because if you study more you're "gonna confuse yourself" |
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Projection
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When you attribute your thoughts & feelings onto someone else
Ex: You hate your boss & you say your boss hates you |
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Displacement
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When you displace your emotions from the original source to a substitute target
Ex: You're mad at your boss but you take it out on your girlfriend |
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Conscious
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Currently thinking about it. Ex: you're in class & thinking about that subject
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Regression
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You refer back to immature behavior
Ex: Throwing a tantrum, wetting the bed |
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Sublimation
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When you channel unacceptable impulses into more appropriate behavior
Ex: You're aggressive and love fighting, so you join boxing |
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Consistent personality
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Consistency across situations and overtime
Ex: Someone is nice always, not just a specific day |
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Trait Theory
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Predisposition to behave in certain ways
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Humanistic Theory
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Emphasis on unique qualities of humans
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Maslow
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- Self-actualizing person
- Healthy personality |
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Rogers
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Believed in 3 conditions necessary for personal growth
- Genuineness - Acceptance - Empathy - Self-concept |
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Social Cognitive Theory
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- Bandura
- Modified behaviorism |
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Behaviorism
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Environment (rewards & punishments) control behavior
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Behavior; environmental factors; personal/cognitive factors (triangle)
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Type A
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Aggressive, perfectionist, schedule
Type A = wants A+ |
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Type B
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Relaxed, easy-going, less competitive
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Self-concept
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How you describe yourself, positive Vs negative
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Feedback hypothesis
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The belief that mimicking facial movements associated with a particular emotion will produce the corresponding emotional state
Ex: If you smile you'll eventually be happy |
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Oral stage
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Infant seeks sexual gratification through sucking, biting
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Anal stage
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Sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (holding in when you have to pee, pooping)
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Phallic stage
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Erogenous zone shifts to the phallic regions (masturbation)
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Oedipus complex
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Developing once stupid feelings toward parent of opposite sex
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Neuroticism
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Prone to anxiety, worry, guilt
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Extra versions or
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Outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic
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Openness to new experiences
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Imaginative, curious
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Agreeableness
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Sensitive, warm, easy to get along with
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Conscientiousness
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Reliable, responsible, hard working
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Oral stage
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- Birth-12/18 months. Infant seeks sexual gratification through sucking, biting
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Anal stage
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- 18 months. Sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (holding in when you have to pee, pooping)
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Phallic stage
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-3-6 years. Erogenous zone shifts to the phallic regions (masturbation)
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Oedipus complex
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Developing sexual feelings toward parent of opposite sex
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Stages of moral reasoning
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Preconception level, conventional level, post conventional level
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Extraversion
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Outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic
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Conventional Level
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Moral reasoning is based on conformity with conventional rules or right and wrong. Obeying laws and rules
Ex: wrong because stealing is illegal |
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Post conventional Level
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Reach it during adolescence, involves applying one's own moral reasoning rather than relying on authority figures
Ex: It's okay to steal if it saves a life |
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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3-stage response of the body to persistent or intense stress
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Alarm stage
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Body's first response to a stressor, prepared for action
Ex: Fight or flight response like you're about to crash, heart pounds, blood flow speeds |
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Latency stage
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-3-6 years. Stage at which sexual impulses remain latent (hidden)
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Genital stage
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- puberty. Corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and an emphasis on procreation
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Test consists of a set of pictures that could be interpreted differently to tell a story
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