Psychology Exam # 3

Front 1

Stimulus discrimination

Back 1

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stijulus that is similar to the original condition stimuls because the similar stimulius is never paired with an US.

Front 2

Stimulus generalization –

Back 2

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Front 3

Primary reinforcer -

Back 3

any reinforcer that is noticeably reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.

Front 4

Secondary reinforcer –

Back 4

any reinforcer that becames reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Front 5

Insight learning –

Back 5

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Front 6

Latent learning –

Back 6

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Front 7

Applied behavior analysis

Back 7

modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a deseired behavior or responses.

Front 8

Behavior modification

Back 8

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Front 9

Neurofeedback –

Back 9

form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to tmodify behavior

Front 10

Flashbulb memory –

Back 10

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected even has strong emotional associations for person remembering it

Front 11

Curve of forgetting

Back 11

a graph showing a distict pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a lot and then _____ off gradually

Front 12

Schema –

Back 12

mental frameworks for understanding our world. Guide our interactions with others and with other things in the world.

Front 13

Regency effect –

Back 13

tendency to remember information at the END rather than the beginning

Front 14

Primary effect –

Back 14

tendency to remember info at the BEGINNING

Front 15

Misinformation effect –

Back 15

the tendency of misleading information presented after an even to alter the memories of the event itself.

Front 16

Serial position effect –

Back 16

info at the beginning of a list will be recalled at a higher rate than info in the middle of the list.

Front 17

Extinction –

Back 17

when a previously conditional response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Front 18

Longitudinal design

Back 18

research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

Front 19

Cross sectional design –

Back 19

research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time.

Front 20

Nature –

Back 20

the influence of our inheredited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions

Front 21

Temperament –

Back 21

the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up

Front 22

Attachment –

Back 22

the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

Front 23

Mary ainnsworth –

Back 23

came up with a special experimental design to measure the attachment of an infant to the caregiver called strange situation

Front 24

Contact comfort –

Back 24

soft blanket and monkeys

Front 25

Andropause –

Back 25

gradual changes in the sexual hormones & reproductive system of middle –aged males

Front 26

Semantic memory

Back 26

memory for facts or general information

Front 27

Episodic memory –

Back 27

memories for events or episodes in your life. Ex: remember birthday parties.

Front 28

Recall method -

Back 28

Recognition method –

Front 29

Relearning method –

Back 29

when you relearn info you have already learned, and if relearning takes less time than the original learning, the info has been remembered.

Front 30

Retrograde amnesia –

Back 30

cant remember before the accident/injury and back (cant remember their names who they are.)

Front 31

Anterograde Amnesia –

Back 31

cant remember anything new. (50 first dates)

Front 32

Chunking –

Back 32

remembering by chunking together memories. Ex: - remembering the letters F. B. I. U.S.A.C.I.A. as FBI – USA – and CIA

Front 33

Variable ratio

Back 33

reinforcer is obtained only after a varying # of responses have been made

- very high rate of responding
- learning is rather permanent
- ex: slot machines: the lottery

Front 34

Fixed interval –

Back 34

reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time has passed
Very few responses are made until the fixed interval of time approaches and then the rate of responding increases rapidly. Ex: pay checks; studying for an exam; writing a paper.

Front 35

Variable interval –

Back 35

behavior is reinforced after a varying amount of time has passed.

-steady rate of responding, but not necessarily high rate of responding. Ex: pop quiz; fishing; hitch-hiking.

Front 36

Procedural (Nondeclarative) LTM –

Back 36

memories for skills that people know how to do like tying shoes or riding bicycles

Front 37

Elaborative Rehearsal –

Back 37

A way to remember/transfer a memory from Short term to Long Term memory. i.e. – associating something with the memory.

Front 38

Sensory memory –

Back 38

-no information is stored here
-about 1-3 seconds
-filtering system (determines what important and what is not)
-once something has been deemed important you pay attention to it

Front 39

Proactive interference –

Back 39

previously stored LTMs interfere with the new LTMs. (old memories block out new memories)

Front 40

Retroactive –

Back 40

new LTMs interfere with previously stored LTMs (new memories block out the old ones)