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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do we mean by Encoding?
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The processing of information into the memory system
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Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory |
Sensory Memory - Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.
Short-Term Memory - Activated memory that hold a few items briefly, such as the digits of a phone number Long-Term Memory - Relatively permanent and limitless memory. |
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Flashbulb Memory
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Vivid snapshot of an emotionally charged or surprising event.
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Automatic Processing
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Unconsciousness encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings.
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Spacing Effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to be remembered better.
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Serial-Position Effect
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Last items in a list are remembered easiest, followed by the first items.
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Mnemonic devices
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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What did Ebbinhaus Discover?
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The forgetting curve and spacing effect.
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Iconic vs. Echoic Memory
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Iconic memory is a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; basically a photographic memory for a few tenths of a second.
Echoic memory is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
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Explicit (procedural) vs. Implicit Memory (declarative)
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Explicit memories can be consciously recalled and are processed in the hippocampus; includes facts, general knowledge and personally experienced events.
Implicit memories are without conscious recall and are processed by other brain areas; includes motor and cognitive skills, and things learned from Classical Conditioning. |
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Magical number 7 plus or minus two.
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Our short term memory is limited in capacity, typically storing about seven bits of information (give or take two)
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Long Term Potentiation
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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Proactive vs. Retroactive interference
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Proactive interference occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of new information.
Retroactive interference occurs when new information makes it harder to recall old information. |
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State Dependent Memory
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What is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in the same state.
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What are the criteria for a mental disorder
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A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:
o Atypical – not enough in itself o Disturbing – Varies with time and culture o Maladaptive – Harmful o Unjustifiable – According to society’s norms |
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Medical Model
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o Concept that diseases have physical causes.
o Can be diagnosed, treated, and n most cases, cured. o Assumes that these illnesses can be diagnosed by their symptoms and cure through therapy, may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital. |
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Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
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o Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
o Nature and nurture. |
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DSM-IV
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o American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition)
o A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. While it can be useful, it applies labels. |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.
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Panic Disorder
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A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
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Phobias
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A person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Where a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions
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Major Depressive Disorder
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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
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Schizophrenia
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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. i
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What causes Schizophrenia?
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Brain abnormalities - Includes enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Also includes decreased brain activity in certain regions. A mid pregnancy viral infection may be a causal factor
Genetic Factors - Highly dependent on family history. Identical twins are very likely to either both have it or not. Psychological factors - None have been discovered. |