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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This type of memory is processed in the hippocampus and then transferred to other parts of the brain. It includes memory for: facts, general knowledge and personally experienced events.
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Explicit/Declarative
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This type of memory is processed by the cerebellum. It includes memory for: motor and cognitive skills, and classical and operant conditioning effects.
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Implicit/Non-declarative
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Sensory memory can be broken into two kinds of memory, what are they?
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Iconic (visual) memory – lasts less than a half of a second
Ecoic (auditory) memory – lingers only about 3-4 seconds |
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This type of memory appears to be limitless.
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Long-term memory
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This kind of memory is limited in duration and capacity = 7 + or -2.
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Working memory/short term memory
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Loss of memory
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Amnesia
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
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Chunking
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list of things to be remembered.
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Serial position effect
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
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Mood-congruent memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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Flashbulb memory
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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Mnemonics
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An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
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Priming
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Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
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Proactive inference
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Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
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Retroactive inference
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What is operant conditioning?
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Who is important to know for Operant Conditioning?
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F.B. Skinner
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How is chaining different from shaping?
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Shaping-learning alphabet then learning cursive
Chaining-dolphin show example |
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Punishment triggers _____ or ____.
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triggers escape or aggression – it makes the learner apprehensive, which inhibits learning and new and better responses
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Superstition is ________ conditioning
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operant
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A form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others’ behavior and the consequences of their behavior
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Observational Learning
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Who was the important figure in studying observational learning?
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Albert Bandura
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Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it
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Latent learning
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What are the key factors for observational learning to occur?
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Attention. Retention. Production Processes. Motivation.
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Conformity is what kind of learning?
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Observational
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A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
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Confirmation bias
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective – the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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Fixation
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Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes
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Representativeness heuristic
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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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Availability heuristic
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Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Belief perseverance
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Who developed the first standardized test of intelligence?
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Alfred Binet
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Who is known for research in Classical Conditioning?
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Ivan Pavlov
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This occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced…
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Extinction
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Tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses…
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Generalization
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The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus…
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Discrimination
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Who did Research on Leaders? What was the experiment?
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Kurt Lewin – three different groups of boys got three different kinds of leaders.
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Who did Conformity Research? What was the experiment?
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Solomon Asch – he did research on whether or not people would say the wrong answer if everyone else said the wrong answer too. 70% of participants sided with the majority at least once.
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Who did Obedience Research? What was the experiment?
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Stanley Milgram – he told people to give an electric shock to someone if they gave the incorrect answer. 2/3 of the subjects went all the way to the highest voltage
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Who did the Stanford Prison Experiment? How long did it last?
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Philip Zimbardo – 6 days
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The dual tendency to attribute the cause of behavior to personal factors while underestimating the effects of the situation is known as the:
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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