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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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motivation
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a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
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rock climber that cut off his own arm to save his life
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Aron Ralston
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the four different perspectives of understanding motivated behaviors
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instinct theory (now ev. perspective)
drive-reduction theory arousal theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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instinct
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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examples of instincts
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imprinting in birds
salmon returning to birthplace infant's rooting and sucking |
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most psychologists view human behavior as directed by what and what?
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physiological needs and psychological wants.
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drive-reduction theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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when a physiological need increases...
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a psychological drive increases.
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homeostasis
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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
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incentives
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a positive or negatie environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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drive-reduction theory diagram
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need--> drive--> drive-reducing behaviors
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hierarchy of needs
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs
self-actualization needs esteem needs belongingness and love needs safety needs physiological needs |
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methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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algorithm
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refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering and communicatin
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cognition
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examples of heuristics
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forming subgoals
working backward searching for analogies changing the representation of a problem |
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information you don't need is stuck into a problem
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irrelevant information
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can only think of items in terms of their common use
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functional fixedness
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only using strategies that worked in the past
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mental set
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imagining boundaries exist that arent really there
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unnecessary constraints
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Simon came up with the theory of
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bounded rationality
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insight
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sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem - in humans and animals
an aha! moment |
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language is:
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symbolic - represents other constructs in our lives
semantic - meaningful generative - infinite combinations and variations structured - must have a set of rules to govern |
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phoneme
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the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language
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morpheme
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the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word
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structuring language
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phonemes - basic sounds
morphemes - smallest meaningful units words - meaningful units phrase - composed of two or more words sentence - composed of many words |
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semantics
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set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
ex. semantic rule tells us that adding -ed to the word means it happened in the past |
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syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
ex. in english syntactical rule is that adjectives come before nouns - in spanish it is reversed |
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development as kids in words
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crying cooing and babbling are common across languages
6 months - babbling sounds begin to resemble surrounding language 1 year - first word - similar cross-culturally |
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thinking and language
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intertwine
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common cognitive skills in humans and apes
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1. concept formation
2. insight 3. problem solving 4. culture 5. mind? |
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examples of animals displaying custom and culture learnt over generations
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dolphins using sponges as tools
chimpanzees teaching how to use stone hammers |
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chimps orangutans and dolphins:
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have used mirrors to inspect themselves
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people that trained washoe with ASL
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Gardner and Gardner
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bonobo pygmy chimpanzees
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can learn even larger vocabularies and perhaps semantic nuances in learning language
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imprinting example
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ducks will follow anyone
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meme
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a behavior that evolves in a gene
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meme example
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digger wasps leaving dead insects a few inches away from hole with egg
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satiation
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when your drive is reduced
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father of motivational research
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maslow
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when stimulate lateral hypothalamus
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turns hunger on; if you destroy this you will starve to death
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stimulate ventromedial hypothalamus
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satisfies hunger; if you destroy it you eat and eat
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drive reduction perspective
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physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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if you destroy the lateral hypothalamus
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you will starve to death
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if you stimulate the lateral hypothalamus
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turns your hunger on
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if you stimulate ventromedial hypothalamus
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satisfies hunger
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if you destroy the ventromedial hypothalamus
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you eat and eat
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what is the evolutionary perspective on motivation
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instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout species and are unlearnt
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young monkeys and children are known to explore environment with the absence of a
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need-based drive
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insulin is secreted by
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the pancreas
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glucose
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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when it's level is low we feel hunger
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PYY IS
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the fullness hormone
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ghrelin is
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the hunger hormone
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leptin
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hunger-dampening chemicals secreted by fat cells
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set point
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the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.
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neophobia
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a fear of new things
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basal metabolic rate
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the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder - overeating and purging
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eating behavior biological influences
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1. mid-hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite
2. appetite hormones 3. stomach pangs 4. set point weight 5. universal attraction to sweet and salty 6. adaptive wariness toward novel foods |
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eating behavior psychological influences
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1. sight and smell of food
2. variety of foods available 3. memory of time elapsed since last meal 4. mood |
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eating behavior social-cultural influences
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1. culturally learned taste preferences
2. learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness |
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sexual response cycle
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the four stages of sexual responding by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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excitement phase
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the genitals become engorged with blood
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plateau phase
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breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase
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orgasm
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self explanatory
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resolution
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enter a refractory period
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refractory period
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a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
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sexual disorder
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a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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estrogen
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a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
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testosterone
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self explanatory
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sexual motivation biological influences
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sexual maturity
sex hormones, testosterone sexual orientation |
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sexual motivation psychological influences
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exposure to stimulating conditions
sexual fantasies |
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sexual motivation social-cultural influences
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family and society values
religious and personal values cultural expectations |
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factors attributing to teen pregnancy
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ignorance
guilt related to sexual activity minimal communication about birht control alcohol use |
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factors attributing to STIs
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high intelligence
religiosity father presence participation in service learning programs |
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sexual orientation
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other
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erotic plasticity
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examples include women being more open to bisexuality, or high sexual activity with periods of almost none
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fraternal birth-order effect
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sexual orientation is the same among twins
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ubuntu
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human bonds defined by south africans
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flow
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a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
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industrial-organizational psychology
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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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personnel psychology
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a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
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organizational psych
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a subfield of i/o that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
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structured interviews
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interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
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achievement motivation
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a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
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three types of employees
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engaged
not-engaged actively engaged |
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task leadership
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goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
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social leadership
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group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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emotions
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a mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences, including thoughts and feelings
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James-Lange theory
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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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Cannon-Bard theory
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the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
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two-factor theory
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schachter-singer's theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
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the autonomic nervous system controls
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arousal
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the sympathetic division
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directs the adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
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the parasympathetic division
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inhibits further release of stress hormones.
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arousal and performance
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performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
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emotional arousal
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elated excitement and panicky fear involve similar physiological arousal and allows us to flip rapidly between the two emotions
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the spillover effect
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arousal from a soccer match or apolitical protest can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting or other violent confrontations
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arousal fuels emotion; cognition
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channels it
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the brain's shortcut for emotions
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sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction and to the cortex for analysis
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emotion biological influences
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physiological arousal
evolutionary adaptiveness response pathways in the brain spillover effect |
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emotion psychological influences
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cognitive labeling
gender differences |
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emotion social-cultural influences
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expressiveness
presence of others cultural expectations |
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infants natural occurring emotions
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joy
anger interest disgust surprise sadness fear |
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the amygdala - a neural key to fear learning
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nerves runing out from knots of neural tissue, one on either side of the brain's center, carry messages that control heart rate, sweating, stress hormones, attention, and other engines that rev up in threatening situations
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catharsis
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emotional release. the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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remove rat's testes
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no sex drive, inject with testosterone it reappears
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male sex offenders
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drug therapy that lowers testosterone and often reduces sex drive
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female animals "in heat" express peak
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levels of estrogen
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women are more likely to have sex
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close to ovulation (increased testosterone)
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affiliation motive
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need for social bonds
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achievement motive
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defined as desire for significant accomplishment
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evolutionary theories on emotion
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innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation; we emote because it is adaptive and aids in our survival
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emotions and the autonomic nervous system
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during an emotional experience our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body and arouses us
arousal in short spurts is adaptive. we perform better under moderate arousal physiological responses are pretty much similar across the emotions of fear, anger, love and boredom |
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learning fear
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we learn fear through conditioning and observation
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cultural and gender differences
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boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation and girls talk to their friends or listen to music
anger breeds prejudice expression of anger is encouraged in individualized cultures compared to cultures that promote group behavior |
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altruistic behavior
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you do it because you feel good
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subjective well-being
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self-perceived feelings of happiness or satisfaction with life can predict overall life satisfaction
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
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relative deprivation
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the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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parental investment theory
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males tend to mate with several females; females try to find one good male
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rhesus macaques and gorillas have not passed
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the red dot test
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gallup developed the
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red dot test
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kohler
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first researcher to prove that animals have a moment of insight
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what is the largest influence of activating sexual behavior
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peak hormone levels
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concealed estres
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when our mates do not know women are fertile and females do not know they are fertile
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females have how much testosterone
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1/10 the testosterone of males
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social and motivation highly correlate with
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your type of personality
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midbrain
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seat of emotion
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limbic system
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activation of three structures - hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
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amygdala associated with
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fear and anger
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fear cause the most
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activation in your brain
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john b watson
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little albert one of the first psychologists to study fear
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freud claimed your entire personality is developed by age
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4
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freud first
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personality theorist
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clinical and school counseling
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follows psychodynamic perspective
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personality
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An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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freud
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Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality which included, the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms
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freud and the unconscious mind
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To explore the unconscious mind, Freud utilized free association & dream analysis.
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The process of free association led to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories.
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The process of free association led to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories.
Once these memories were retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient felt better. |
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how personality develops
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Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).
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id
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Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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superego
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Superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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ego
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Largely conscious, ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of id and superego.
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freud's psychosexual stages
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0-18 months-oral
18-36 months-anal 3-6 years - phallic; incest feelings 6-puberty - latency puberty on - genital - maturation of sexual interests |
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erogenous zones
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id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas
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Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms |
repression
regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement |
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repression
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Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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regression
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leads an anxious individual to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
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reaction formation
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causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
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projection
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leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
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rationalization
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offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
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displacement
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shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or persons.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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was an attitude of acceptance of others amidst their failings.
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assessing the self
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In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real).
If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept |
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the trait perspective
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An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her personality.
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personality dimensions
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.
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the big 5
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Today’s trait researchers believe that Eysencks’ personality dimensions are too narrow.
A middle range (five factors) of traits does a better job of assessment. conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness extraversion |
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questions about the big 5
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how stable are these traits? stable in adulthood
how heritable? 50 percent or so for each trait how about other cultures? common across cultures predict other attributes? Yes. Conscientious people are morning types, and extraverted evening types. |
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social-cognitive perspective
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Bandura (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.
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What is a Detour?
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a Slight Deviation made within the Scope of Employment. (Respondeat Superior liability applies).
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humanists believed
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we are more than sexual and aggressive beings we are more than mechanisms
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carl rogers
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came up with 12 step program, group therapy, and assessing the self
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a healthy personality is an expression of
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congruency
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Depression and schizophrenia
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exist in all cultures of the world.
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defining psych disorders
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Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings and action.
When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004). |
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medical model
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etiology
diagnosis treatment prognosis |
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etiology
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Causation and development of the disorder.
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diagnosis
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Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.
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treatment
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Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital
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prognosis
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Forecast about the disorder.
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classifying psych disorders
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American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.
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multiaxial classification
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axis I - V
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axis I
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Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
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axis II
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Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
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axis III
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Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
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axis IV
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Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?
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axis V
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What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?
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types of anxiety disorders
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder
Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Explaining Anxiety Disorders |
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anxiety disorders
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Marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
This condition differs from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness. |
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wendigo
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a disorder in india that you fear you will crave flesh
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coro
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a disorder in asia when men fear their penis will retract into their body
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most serial killers are diagnosed with
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antisocial personality disorder
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GAF
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your numerical assignment of how you can function in society
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insanity
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is not a psychological term
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phobias
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are the # 1 diagnosed disorder in the US
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generalized anxiety disorder
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"free floating" anxiety coined by Freud
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Panic Disorder
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sometimes called panic attacks
can lead to other disorders like agoraphobia |
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malingering
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clinical term for "faking it"
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TOMM
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a test to assess malingering
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free association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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psychoanalysis
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freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
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unconscious
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according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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freud's idea of the mind's structure
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consciousness islike an iceberg's visible tip. note that the id is totally unconscious but the ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously
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id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. operates on the pleasure principle
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ego
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the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id and and superego and reality. operates on the reality principle
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superego
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the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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psychosexual stages
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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
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oedipus complex
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a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and jealousy toward his father
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identification
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the process by which children incorporate their parents' values in their developing superegos
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fixation
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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collective unconscious
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Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
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regression example
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children and young monkeys will retreat to the comfort of earlier behaviors
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Alfred Adler
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"the individual feels at home in life and feels his existence to be worthwhile just so far as he is useful to others and is overcoming feeling of inferiority"
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Karen Horney
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"the view that women are infantile and emotional creatures, and as such, incapable of responsibility and independence is the work of the masculine tendency to lower women's self respect"
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Carl Jung
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"we can keep from a child all knowledge of earlier myths, but we cannot take from him the need for mythology"
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projective test
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a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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TAT
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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorschach inkblot test
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the most widely used projective test, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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terror-management theory
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proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
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unconditional positive regard
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rogers; an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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self-concept
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all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am i?"
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trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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personality stabilty
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with age, personality traits become more stable
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social-cognitive perspective
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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
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reciprocal determinism
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the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
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personality biological influences
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genetically determined termperament
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personality psychological influences
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learned responses
unconscious thought processes optimistic or pessimistic attributional style |
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personality social-cultural influences
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childhood experiences
influence of the situation cultural expectations social support |
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personal control
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our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
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external locus of control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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internal locus of control
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the perception that one controls one's own fate
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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spotlight effect
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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
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self-esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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self-serving bias
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a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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psychological disorder
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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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a psychological disorder marked by the appearace by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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medical model
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the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. when applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
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psychological disorder biological influences
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evolution
individual genes brain structure and chemistry |
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psychological disorder psychological influences
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stress
trauma learned helplessness mood-related perceptions and memories |
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psychological disorder social--cultural
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roles
expectations definitions of normality and disorder |
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murderous minds
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PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer's frontal cortex
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somatoform disorders
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characterized by physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions
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somatization disorder
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marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin
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conversion disorder
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marked by significant loss of physical function, usually in a single organ system
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hypochondriasis
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marked by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and developing a physical illness
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