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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Consciousness
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Awareness of one's own mental activity
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Selective attention
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Select what you want to pay attention to
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Sleeping Cycle: Stage 1
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- 5 mins
- Breathing slows; easily awakened - THETA WAVES |
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Sleeping Cycle: Stage 2
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- Heart rate & muscles relax, temp. Declines
- SLEEP SPINDLES |
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Sleep Cycle: Stages 3 & 4
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- System continues to slow down
- DELTA WAVES |
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Sleeping cycle: Stage 5
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- REM sleep
- Dreaming - Brain waves similar to alert state |
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Sleep spindles
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Bursts of brain activity
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Narcolepsy
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Uncontrollable sleep attacks
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Sleeping Cycle: Stage 2
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- Heart rate & muscles relax, temp. Declines
- SLEEP SPINDLES |
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Manifest
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Actual description of the dream
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Latent content
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Symbolic meaning of the dream
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Hypnosis & it's uses
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Def: Temporary state of heightened suggestibility
Uses: - entertainment - Anesthesia - Investigative tool - Therapeutic |
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Tolerance & example
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- you become less responsive to the drug
Ex: the more often you smoke, the more weed you'll need to feel the same high |
Drugs (altered state)
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Dependence
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Physically & psychologically dependent on the drug
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Drugs (altered state)
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Withdrawal (example)
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Examples: Fatigued, agitated quickly, could get sick
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Drugs (altered state)
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Depressants & example
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Slow down body functions
- Alcohol, opiates, barbiturates |
Drug category
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Stimulantshall
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Speed up body functions
- Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine |
Drug category
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Hallucinogen & example
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Distort sensory & perceptual experiences
- LSD |
Drug category
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Activation-synthesis theoryCir
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The proposition that dreams represent the brain's attempt to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep
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Sleep Cycle: Stages 3 & 4
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- System continues to slow down
- DELTA WAVES |
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Circadian rhythms
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The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day (daily rhythms)
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Sleeping cycle: Stage 5
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- REM sleep
- Dreaming - Brain waves similar to alert state |
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Sleep spindles
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Bursts of brain activity
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Narcolepsy
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Uncontrollable sleep attacks
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Sleep apnea
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- Stop breathing for 15-60 seconds then gasp for air
- Treatment: big, loud machine that helps you breathe |
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Night terrors
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Abrupt awakenings from non-REM sleep (ages 3-8)
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Nightmares
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Wake up from REM sleep
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Hypersomnia
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Consistent need for excessive amount of sleep
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Freud: why do we sleep?
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An outlet for unconscious wishes
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Encoding
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Putting information into memory system
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Procedural
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Memory for actions/skills
Ex: used to ride a bike for a long time, stopped, rode it again & was wobbly, then was fine |
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Semantic
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Memory for factual information
Ex: capitals of states |
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Episodic
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Time related memory
ex: prom, graduation |
Episode of your life, because it's your own memories
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Storehouses
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?
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Context
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Think of situation & surroundings
Ex: putting yourself in same context, like studying for a test in the same room you're taking the test in |
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Odors
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Odors remind you of things
Ex: friends perfume can remind you of your mom |
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Emotional state
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You want to match up your emotional state
Ex: you were sad studying, be sad while taking test |
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Storage
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Maintenance of encoded information in the memory system over time
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Retrieval
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The way you try to remember something
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Context, odors, déjà vu, emotional state
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Effortful encoding
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Focused attention
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Purpose is to maintain it in your short term memory
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Elaborative rehearsal
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Associating something from your short term memory to something from your long term memory to help you remember
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Example: if you want to remember someone you just met, associate them with someone you've known for a long time to help you remember
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Sensory memory store
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- 1st step in memory
- Information comes in through senses - held for a few seconds - replace or removes to Short Term Memory |
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Short Term Memory (STM)
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- "working memory"
- limited by time & capacity |
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Long term memory
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Elaborative rehearsal
- Unlimited by time & capacity |
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Chunk
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Meaningful unit of information
- ex: the way you memorize your Red ID, into chunks |
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Recall
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Ex: test question with a free-response
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Recognition
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Ex: multiple choice (remember it by recognizing it)
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Relearning
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You forgot the material, so you have to learn it again
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Ineffective encoding
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Studying for a test in effectively, so you can't retrieve information
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Decay
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Information that goes away over time
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Inteference
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Something that gets in your way of memorizing things
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Retroactive Interference
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- study economics
- study psychology - Econ test (Forget econ information) |
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Proactive Interference
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- study psychology
- study econ - economics test (Previously learned information interferes) |
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Concepts
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- Building blocks of thinking
- mental grouping of things, events, or people |
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Prototype
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- it's the best example of a category
- how we decide if something is a member of a concept Ex: saw coyote, was trying to see if it was a member of a dog category. The coyote is the prototype |
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Problem solving steps
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- Define problem
- Develop strategy - Carry out strategy - Determine if strategy is working |
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Algorithm
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- logical rule used to solve a problem
- ex: math problem, follow the rules & get correct answer |
ALGorithm = ALGebra = math = step-by-step
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Heuristic
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Mental short cut
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Insight
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Sudden realization of the solution to a problem
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Confirmation bias
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- tendency to search info that confirms our preconceptions
- ex: you think someone likes you but they end up not |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Over-extension
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- Tendency to use word in too broad of a sense
- ex: calling every man daddy |
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Under-extension
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- Tendency to use a word in too narrow of a sense
- Ex: kid doesn't realize the ducks at the park are also ducks, like his rubber ducky |
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Learning (language theory)
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- Skinner
- learn language like any other behavior (by reinforcement, punishment, imitation) |
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Nativist (language theory)
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- Chomsky
- born with inborn capacity to learn language |
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Cognitive (language theory)
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- Piaget
- language development & cognitive development go hand in hand |
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Galton
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- Intelligence runs in families
- book Hereditary Genius - No way to test intelligence |
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Binet
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- Binet-Simon scale (first intelligence test)
- Mental age Ex: you're 10 but chronological age is 7, means your mental age is 7 |
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Terman
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- Standford Binet Scale
- IQ= Mental age/ Chronological age x 100 |
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Wechsler
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- 1st adult intelligence test
- Verbal & performance scores Ex: verbal - definitions Performance - pictures (like GATE test) |
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Standardization
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- have a comparison group to which scores can be compared
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What makes a good test?
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Fixation
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- inability to see a problem from a new perspective
- ex: the 9-dot problem. You don't think outside the box (literally) |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Reliability
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- consistency.
- test-retest - ex: if you take a test twice, you must get around the same score both times. |
What makes a good test?
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Predictive Validity
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- test can predict future behavior
- Ex: SAT predicts school success |
What makes a good test?
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Concurrent Validity
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- Scores on test correlate with scores on other well established tests
- 2 different IQ test should give you around the same score |
What makes a good test?
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Content Validity
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- Test measures what it's supposed to measure
- Ex: can't have a psychology test with math questions |
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Upper extreme (intelligence)lower
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Mentally gifted
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Lower extreme (intelligence)
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Intellectually disabled
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Functional fixedness
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- Tendency to think of things in terms of their usual functions
- ex: the sock bun: you think of it as just a sock, not for your hair |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Heuristic
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Mental shortcut
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Representative heuristic
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- Stereotype
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Biased decision making
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Availability heuristic
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- what is most available in memory
- Ex: you think more cancer deaths than heart attacks because you hear about them more often |
Biased decision making
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Framing
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- decision is affected by the way something is presented
- Ex: advertising |
Biased decision making
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Babbling
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- 3-4 months
- infant utters various sounds |
Language stage 1
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One word (language)
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- 1-2 years
- 1 syllable |
Language stage 2
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Two word
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- 2 years
- Telegraphic speech |
Language stage 3
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Confirmation bias
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- tendency to search info that confirms our preconceptions
- ex: you think someone likes you but they end up not |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Over-extension
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- Tendency to use word in too broad of a sense
- ex: calling every man daddy |
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Under-extension
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- Tendency to use a word in too narrow of a sense
- Ex: kid doesn't realize the ducks at the park are also ducks, like his rubber ducky |
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Learning (language theory)
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- Skinner
- learn language like any other behavior (by reinforcement, punishment, imitation) |
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Nativist (language theory)
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- Chomsky
- born with inborn capacity to learn language |
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Cognitive (language theory)
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- Piaget
- language development & cognitive development go hand in hand |
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Galton
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- Intelligence runs in families
- book Hereditary Genius - No way to test intelligence |
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Binet
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- Binet-Simon scale (first intelligence test)
- Mental age Ex: you're 10 but chronological age is 7, means your mental age is 7 |
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Terman
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- Standford Binet Scale
- IQ= Mental age/ Chronological age x 100 |
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Wechsler
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- 1st adult intelligence test
- Verbal & performance scores Ex: verbal - definitions Performance - pictures (like GATE test) |
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Standardization
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- have a comparison group to which scores can be compared
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What makes a good test?
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Fixation
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- inability to see a problem from a new perspective
- ex: the 9-dot problem. You don't think outside the box (literally) |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Reliability
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- consistency.
- test-retest - ex: if you take a test twice, you must get around the same score both times. |
What makes a good test?
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Predictive Validity
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- test can predict future behavior
- Ex: SAT predicts school success |
What makes a good test?
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Concurrent Validity
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- Scores on test correlate with scores on other well established tests
- 2 different IQ test should give you around the same score |
What makes a good test?
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Content Validity
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- Test measures what it's supposed to measure
- Ex: can't have a psychology test with math questions |
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Upper extreme (intelligence)lower
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Mentally gifted
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Lower extreme (intelligence)
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Intellectually disabled
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Functional fixedness
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- Tendency to think of things in terms of their usual functions
- ex: the sock bun: you think of it as just a sock, not for your hair |
Obstacle to problem solving
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Heuristic
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Mental shortcut
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Representative heuristic
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- Stereotype
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Biased decision making
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Availability heuristic
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- what is most available in memory
- Ex: you think more cancer deaths than heart attacks because you hear about them more often |
Biased decision making
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Framing
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- decision is affected by the way something is presented
- Ex: advertising |
Biased decision making
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Babbling
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- 3-4 months
- infant utters various sounds |
Language stage 1
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One word (language)
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- 1-2 years
- 1 syllable |
Language stage 2
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Two word
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- 2 years
- Telegraphic speech |
Language stage 3
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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Classical conditioning
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Organism that associates with different events (Pavlov, dogs)
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Unconditioned Response
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An unlearned response to a stimulus
(Fear; Arousal) |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
(Loud noise; beautiful woman) |
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Conditioned Response
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An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus
(Fear, arousal) |
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Conditioned stimulus
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A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it's been inpaired with an unconditional stimulus
(Rat, car) |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Spontaneous return of a conditional response following extinction
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Generalization
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Tendency for stimuli that are similar to the CS to elicit a CR CS=CR
Ex: a cat thinking every can opener is his |
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Discrimination
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Tendency to differentiate among stimuli tht are related to the original conditioned stimulus but not identical to it
Ex: a cat knowing which is his car opener |
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Little Albert
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- Child showed no fear of white rat
- white rat (CS) was paired with a loud sound (US) that naturally evokes fear response, after conditioning child shows fear (CR) of white rat (CS), the stimuli generalization was child shows fear reaction (CR) to related stimuli |
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Operant Conditioning
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Process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated
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Law of Effect
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More likely to repeat rewarded behavior & less likely to repeat punished behavior
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Shaping
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Guide an animal or person to response
Ex: rat in cage (skinner box) |
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Successive Approximations
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Get more restrictive about the behavior you reward
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Reinforcement
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Process that increases behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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Present a stimulus after a response and the response increases
Ex: study & get a good grade; don't study & fail |
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Negative Reinforcement
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Increase behavior results from taking something unpleasant away
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Little Albert
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- Child showed no fear of white rat
- white rat (CS) was paired with a loud sound (US) that naturally evokes fear response, after conditioning child shows fear (CR) of white rat (CS), the stimuli generalization was child shows fear reaction (CR) to related stimuli |
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Continuous reinforcement
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Reward after every response
Ex: do something good & get rewarded immediately |
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Fixed Interval
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Ex: quiz every Thursday, so study the night before
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Variable Interval
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Ex: pop quiz promotes studying every night
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Fixed Ratio
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Ex: after 8 one way flights, you get a free flight, you won't get excited until the 7th flight
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Variable ratio
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Gambling, one more time
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Positive punishment
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Something added decreases behavior
Ex: kid kicks sibling, parents scolds him |
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Negative punishment
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Something removes decreases behavior
Ex: kid kicks sibling, parents take away video games |
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Bandura
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- Social cognitive theorist
- believed children imitated aggressive behavior they observe at home, school, or tv |
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Operant Conditioning
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Process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated
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Law of Effect
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More likely to repeat rewarded behavior & less likely to repeat punished behavior
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Shaping
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Guide an animal or person to response
Ex: rat in cage (skinner box) |
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Successive Approximations
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Get more restrictive about the behavior you reward
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Reinforcement
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Process that increases behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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Present a stimulus after a response and the response increases
Ex: study & get a good grade; don't study & fail |
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Negative Reinforcement
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Increase behavior results from taking something unpleasant away
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Primary Rewards
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Internally satisfying
Ex: oxygen, food |
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Secondary Rewards
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Learn to want/need
Ex: dog, a treat, good grades, money |
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