Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

Consciousness
-What is it?

Back 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environments

Front 2

What is Selective Attention?
What is Inattentional blindness?
(Selective Attention)

Back 2

-focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

-Inattentional blindness, also known as perceptual blindness, is the phenomenon of not being able to perceive things that are in plain sight

Front 3

What is Change Blindness
(Selective Attention)

Back 3

Suggests that the brain estimates the importance and usefulness of information’s prior to deciding to store them or not. making change in detail sensitive or not.

Front 4

Circadian Rhythm
(Sleep)

Back 4

-Biological Clock
-Controls bodily rythms
-Maintains homeostasis.

Front 5

Sleep Deprivation
-What are the side effects?

Back 5

Side effects : fatigue
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents
impaired concentration

Front 6

Insomnia
(Sleep Disorders)

Back 6

persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

Front 7

Narcolepsy
(Sleep Disorders)

Back 7

uncontrollable sleep attacks

Front 8

Sleep apnea
(Sleep Disorders)

Back 8

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and momentary re-awakenings

Front 9

Night terrors
(Sleep Disorders)

Back 9

: Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 ,high arousal - appearance of being terrified, seldom remembered

Front 10

Sleep paralysis:
(Sleep Disorder)

Back 10

disorder resulting in a person waking while the body is still under a brain-induced paralysis.
Dreams

Front 11

Freudian interpretation of dreams
-What are the purpose of dreams according to freud?
-What are the components of a dream?

Back 11

-wish fulfillment
-discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings


Manifest Content
-remembered story line

Latent Content
-underlying meaning

Front 12

REM sleep
-How long does it last
-What do brain waves appear to look like
-What systems react in what way?

Back 12

Lasts about 10 minutes.
-Brain waves are rapid and saw-toothed
-Heart rate and breathing rate increases
-Genital Engorgement
-Rapid Eye Movement

Front 13

Major Dream Theories
-What is Freud's Interpertation of dreams?

-What is Activiation Synthesis?

-What is Memory Facilitation

Back 13

As the “Royal Road to the Unconscious”
-dreams represent inner motivations

As a Physiological Function
periodic brain stimulation

As Information Processing
helps facilitate memories

Front 14

-What are the different types of brain waves

Alpha, and Beta

Back 14

Beta Brain Waves : Awake and Alert

Alpha brain waves : Awake but Drowsy

Front 15

Sleep Stages

Back 15

Stage 1 : Alpha and Theta

Stage 2 : Sleep Spindles, K Complex
Stage 3 Theta and Delta

Stage 4 : Delta Brain waves

Front 16

Definition of learning

Back 16

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Front 17

Associative learning

Back 17

Learning about the relationship between multiple stimuli, learning that two events occur together.

Front 18

Early roots (Aristotle, Locke)
(Associative Learning)

Back 18

Did not believe in innate forms, but rather that we learn through experience.

Front 19

Classical Conditioning:

Back 19

A learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus.

Front 20

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):

Back 20

A stimulus that, without conditions will elicit a predictable response

Front 21

Unconditioned response (UCR

Back 21

): A reponse that without conditions, results predictably from an unconditional stimulus

Front 22

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 22

A stimulus that will elicit a predictable reponse due to its pairing with a UCS

Front 23

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 23

A predictable response to a CS that has influence because of its pairing with a UCS

Front 24

Aquisition
(Classical Conditioning)

Back 24

Acquisition: Initial stage in classical conditioning, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus come to elicit a condition response

Front 25

Extinction
(Classical Conditioning)

Back 25

: Learning that the CS no longer predicts the UCS(Present the CS without following it by the UCS.

Front 26

Spontaneous recovery
(Classical Conditioning)

Back 26

After abolishing a response, wait a while. When you present the CS again the CR returns.

Front 27

Generalization

Back 27

A new cs will elicit the CR to the degree that it is similar to the original CS.

Front 28

Discrimination

Back 28

Ability to distinguish between a CS and another Stimuli that don't ellicit a response

Front 29

Operant Conditioning
-Behavior is strengthened if followed by a ____________ or

Back 29

in which behavior has an effect or operates on the environment, producing consequences.


-Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.

Front 30

Reinforcers : What is ?
-What are primary reinforcers
-What are secondary reinforers

Back 30

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

-Primary Reinforcers : Food, Water,


– Conditioned (or Secondary) Reinforcers are stimuli that have been consistently paired with primary reinforcers.

Front 31

Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement

Back 31

A stimulus that when presented, increases the likelihood of the preceding behavior..

A stimulus that when removed increases the likely of the preceding behavior



any consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior.

Front 32

Positive punishment
Negative punishment

Back 32

A stimulus that when presented decreases the likelihood of that behavior

A stimulus that when removed decreases the likelihood of that behavior


A stimulus that when removed decreases the likelihood of that event.

Front 33

Continuous reinforcement:
(Operant Conditioning)

Back 33

Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs.

Front 34

Partial reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)

Back 34

reinforcing a response only part of the time, greater resistance to extinction

Front 35

Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement
-What is a fixed ratio schedule
-What is a variable ratio schedule
-What is a fixed interval schedule
-What is a variable interval schedule

Back 35

A fixed ratio schedule : Reinforces a response after a specificed number of responses

Variable Ratio Schedule : Reinforces a response after a unpredictable number of responses

Fixed interval schedule : Reinforeces a response after a specified amount of time


Variable interval schedule : Reinforces a response at unpredictable time variables.

Front 36

Observational Learning
(Bobo Doll)

Modeling

Back 36

-Learning by observing others
-Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Front 37

What is memory?

Back 37

Memory is the persistance of learning over time through a storage and retrieval of information. Memories make you

Front 38

The three steps of Memory
-What is Encoding
-What is Storage
-What is Retrieval.

Back 38

Encoding : The translation of environmental information into neural information

Storage : The process whereby the information is retained so that it can be used at a later time

Retrieval : The process of extracting the information that was stored.

Front 39

Amnesia
-What is Amnesia
-What are the different types of Amnesia

Back 39

Amnesia : Any lose of memory
Anterograde Amnesia : Loss of memory of events prior to the incident
Retrograde : Loss of memory after the incident
Infantile Amnesia : Loss of childhood memories.

Front 40

Emotional Memories
-What are flashbulb memories?
-How are emotional memories so vivid?

Back 40

Flashbulb memories are significant emotional events

Adrenaline strengthens the encoding.

Front 41

Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Senses states ______

Back 41

States that the distinction between the different memory stores is the time the information is held

Front 42

Sensory Store
-What is it?
-What is its size
-How long is information stored
-What is the Span of Apprehension
-What is Sperling's Partial report Technique

Back 42

-The immediate initial, recording of sensory information in the memory system

-Size : Large
-Time Stored : Seconds
Echoic Memory : Discrete auditory store
Span of Apprehension : The number of items people can recal
Sperling's Partial Report Technique : Participants were only

Front 43

Short Term Memory
-What is it's size
-What is the time stored
-What is chunking
-What is a phonological buffer
-What is a visual-spatial sketchpad

Back 43

Short term memory is just our working memory
Size 7 plusorminus 2

A phonological buffer : Briefly encodes information in an acoustic code

Visual-Spatial Sketchpad : briefly stores information in a visual or spatial code

Front 44

What is the Long term store
What is its size
What is its time stored
What is rehearsal
What is elaboration
what is the serial position effect
What is imagery
What is a mnemoimc devide

Back 44

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Size, and Time stored : unknown
Rehearsal : Repeated recitation of an item
Elaboration : Connection of the item to other items in a more meaningful way
Serial Position Effect : we tend to remember the first and last items of a list
Imagery : Imagery are mental picture
Mnemonic Devices : A memory aid using organizational devices and imagery

Front 45

What is the cause of Forgetting

Failures at Encoding
Failures at Storage

Back 45

Forgetting may occur at any stage

Failures at Encoding : A good vs bad encoding situation
Failures at Storage : Decay, or Damage, Displacement
Failures at Retrieval.

Interference : Other mental processes distracting tyou
Repression : Repressed memory
Misinformation effect : A planted notion that you could believe to be true

Front 46

Cognition (Thinking)

Back 46

The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remember, thinking and knowing.

Front 47

Catagorization
(Concepts)

Back 47

The process of assigning an object to a concept

Front 48

Conscious Thought
Two components
-What is Propositional Thought
-What is Imaginal thought

Back 48

-Propositional thought is the voice inside your head

Imaginal thought :Is our imagery, usually visual that we can see in our head.

Front 49

Generalization
(Concepts)

Back 49

Concepts form the basis of broad generalization

Front 50

Types of Concepts
-What is a concept
-What is a concrete concept
-What is a abstract concept
-What is a Protoype
-What is an Exemplar.

Back 50

-A concept is a mental grouping of an entire class of similar objects, events or people.

-A concrete concept is something tangible, such as fruits

A abstract concept is not tangible, such as truth or love.

A prototype : The iconic entity or object of that concept, best example
Exemplars : Storied memories of a number of examples of a concept.

Front 51

Why do we have concepts?
-What is cognitive economy
-What are inferences in relation to concepts
-What is communication in relation to concepts.

Back 51

Cognitive Economy : There are too many objects in the world to consider each one individually
-Inferences : If we know something about the members of a catagory, we can make predictions about it and starting holding expectations about it.

-Communication : To the degree that we share concepts with others, we can communicate complex ideas via single words.

Front 52

Heuristics
-What is a Heuristic
-What is A Representativeness heuristic
-What is an Avaliability heuristic
-What is framing

Back 52

A heurisitic is a simple thinking strategy, short cut procedure, often yield correct juidgements but not always.

Representativeness Heuristic : Judging the likelihood of things, in terms of how they represent particular prototypes
-May lead to bias

Avaliability Heuristic : Estimating the likelihood of events based on their avaliability in the memory

Framing : How an issue is posed.

Front 53

Language
-What is language

Back 53

Our written, gestured or spoken words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.

Front 54

Linguistic Determinism (Whorfian Hypothesis

Back 54

Hypothesis that language dictates how we think

Front 55

How Language Affects Thinking
-What is Newspeak
-What is Double Speak

Back 55

-Newspeak : Removing all shades of meaning and emotion from language

Double SPeak : Language deliberately constructed to disguise or distort

Front 56

Language Development
-What age is learning language best at
-What are the language capacities of children
-What is Noam Chomsky's Inborn Universal grammer

Back 56

-It is best to learn any language at an early age

Children are capable of recognizing speech sounds from all the worlds languages

Chomsky Inborn Grammer : Some rules of grammer are hard wired into the brain without being taught

Front 57

Motivation
-What is motivation
-What is explicit motivation
-What is Implicit motivation

Back 57

Motivation : A need that energizes and directs behavior

Explicit Motivation : Your stated goals, desires, or needs that affect your behavior

Implicit Behavior : Needs or dseires that are unstated or implied by your behavior

Front 58

Sub components of motivation
-What is Activation :
-What is persistence
-What is intensity

Back 58

Activation : What is the goal
Persistence : How are you going to achieve the goal
Intensity : How bad do you want it

Front 59

Explanations of Motivation
What is Evolutionary Theory
What is the drive reduction theory
What is the arousal theory

Back 59

Evolutionary Theory : Humans tend to exhibit innate or instinctual behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory : Humans experience an aroused tension state, that motivates an organism to satisfy that need.
Arousal Theory : Even when our biological needs are met, we feel driven to experience stimulation

Front 60

Explanations of Motivation
Maslows Hierarchy of needs
-What are the physiological needs
-What are the saftey needs
-What are the belonginess needs
-What are the esteem needs (lower and higher)
-What are the Self Actualization needs

Back 60

Physiological Needs : Thrist, Hunger, and maintenance of internal systems.
Saftey Needs : The need to feel safe, avoid pain seek pleasure
Belongingness needs : To feel accepted, to give and recieve attention
Esteem needs : Be competent achieve, gain approval
Self Actualization needs ; To fulfill ones potential.

Front 61

Self-Determinism Theory
-What are the three components of optimal human functioning?
-What is relatedness
-What is Autonomy
-What is competence

Back 61

Relatedness : Engaging in warm relationships, being involved
Competence : Goal fulfillment
Autonomy : Free will

Front 62

Emotion
-What is emotion
-What responses does one experience

Back 62

Emotion : A response of a whole organism
-Physiological Arousal
-Expressive Behaviors
-Conscious experience

Front 63

James-Lange Theory of Arousal

Back 63

Physical Stimulus ---> Arousal ----> Emotion

Front 64

Canon-Bard Theory of Arousal

Back 64

Physical Stimulus ---> Arousal + Emotion

Front 65

Shacters Two Factor Theory of Emotion

Back 65

Physical Stimulus ----> Arousal -----> Label of Arousal -----> Emotion