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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of classical conditioning and operant conditioning is most closely ties to which theoretical perspective from chapter 1?
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behavioral perspective
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What aspect of individual conditioning is most likely shaped by classical conditioning?
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involuntary reflexes, such as salivation or blinking
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What type of association is necessary for classical conditioning to occur?
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Association of one thing that is neutral with another thing that automatically evokes a response
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While smelling a rose, Veronica was stung by a bee. The sting is very painful and scary for Veronica. Now Veronica feels anxious every time she sees a rose. This is an example of what type of conditioning?
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classical conditioning
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Before being conditioned to feel anxious around roses, Veronica had no particular reaction to the sight of roses. The term for the rose BEFORE this experience is:
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neutral stimulus
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In the example with Veronica, the rose and the bee sting, the term for the bee sting is:
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unconditioned stimulus
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Reinforcement and punishment are important operant conditioning concepts. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
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negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior
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What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
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positive reinforcement involves receiving something and negative reinforcement involves taking something away
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Juliette asks her mother to take her to the mall, but her mom wants to stay home. Juliette pitches a fit, and her mom says "fine i'll take you to the mall". Juliette stops the acting now that she gets what she wants. The next Juliette asks her mother to go to the mall, she begins to cry and whine a little. Mom immediately says yes. Focus on the mom's behavior of saying she wants to stay home. What consequences does the mother experience for that behavior?
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punishment
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For the example with Juliette, her mom and the mall, what consequence does Juliette experience?
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positive reinforcement
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What type of consequence tends to have a stronger effect on our behavior?
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immediate consequence
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What is the term for the gradual weaking and dissapperance of a learned response?
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extinction
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Imagine that someone had been receiving reinforcement for a behavior and then the reinforcement is interrupted. Which pattern of reinforcement will lead to the greatest persistence and the most resistance to extinction?
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intermittent
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Which type of reinforcement schedule tends to generate steady response rates and resistance to extinction?
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variable
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Most gambling is reinforced according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement while the use if vending machines is reinforced according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
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variable; fixed
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Think about how the terms positive and negative reinforcement are used to label positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and complete this analogy:
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as... |
add is to subtract
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In an attempt to get us to buy their products, advertisers frequently pair products with stimuli that seem to elicit positive emotional responses. For example, they pair a laundry detergent with a cute cuddly teddy bear. Or, they pair a credit card with a loving family scene. What type of conditioning are these advertisers using to get you to learn positive emotional responses to their products?
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classical conditioning
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Within a culture, the majority of individuals can accurately identify basic emotions based on someone's
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facial expression
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Lucille says that she has been feeling down in the dumps for quite a while now -- not horrible just kind of blah. She's not really sure why she feels this way. Given the different characteristics of mood and emotion, what is the best label for Lucille's experience?
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mood
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What does it mean to say that a process is dynamic?
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emotion is not a fixed state; it involves a series of reactions that change over time
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In the systems model of emotion, the essential cognitive process that occurs following an activating event or object is labeled
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appraisal
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The Broaden-and-Build Theory, presented in the article by Barbara Fredrickson, was developed to describe the purpose and role of positive emotions. Given this emphasis, this theory is consistent with the way of thinking promoted by one of the two schools of thought that were important in the early history of psychology. Which school of thought would emphasize studying the purpose and role of positive emotion?
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functionalism
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What does the "broaden" aspect of the Broaden-and-Build Theory refer to?
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Positive emotions cause us to have a wide array of thought-action tendencies
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In one experiment on the effects of positive emotion, research participants were put in an anxiety-producing situation that caused physiological arousal. Then the participants were shown a film that caused positive, negative or neutral emotion. Researchers measured how long it took for each participant's physiological arousal to return to a baseline level. What was the important finding of this experiment?
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Participants who viewed the positive emotion film recovered more quickly than those who viewed either a neutral or negative film
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According to the Broaden-and-Build Theory, one important characteristic that positive emotions might help us to build is psychological resilience. What is psychological resilience?
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the ability to bounce back from a stressful experience relatively quickly
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Research on positive emotion shows that positive emotion leads to broadened thinking which triggers more positive emotion. What is the term used in the Broaden-and-Build Theory to describe this pattern of positive emotions and thoughts building upon one another?
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upward spiral
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Negative emotion tends to activate the part of the autonomic nervous system known as the
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sympathetic nervous system
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Research on the power of positive emotions to undo lingering negative emotions shows that positive emotion
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decreases physiological arousal
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One theme presented at the beginning of this course is that Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior. Psychological research on behavior as well as research in molecular biology provides ample, consistent support for this statement. This also fits the theme that behavior is determined by multiple factors. Given these themes and the research support for them, which of the following is the most accurate statement about the explanation of individual differences in behavior, thought and/or emotion?
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Individual differences are caused by a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors.
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The interaction of genes and environment (abbreviated G X E) has been demonstrated in numerous studies. The Dunedin study (described on pages 127-128 of the article by Champagne and Mashoodh) showed that risk of depression was predicted by an interaction of genes and environment. Which of the following best describes the G X E effect?
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When people have a high frequency of stressful events, their risk of depression depends on the type of serotonin gene they have.
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In the section of the article on Contextual Determinants of Gene Function, the authors use a "books in the library" analogy. In what way are genes like books in a library?
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They have great potential which is only realized when they are read.
They have great potential which is only realized when they are read. |
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MZ twins are genetically identical. Yet they can show different patterns of mental health and illness. For example, one twin may develop an anxiety disorder while the other does not. On page 129, the authors state that "epigenetic variation in MZ twins may account for differential risk of mental illness." What does epigenetic variation mean?
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Although the twins have identical genes, they may have had different experiences that caused those genes to be silenced in one twin and expressed in the other.
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One concern about children of lesbian and gay parents is that those children are exposed to only one gender. What did the Bay Area Families Study find regarding this? (see page 241 of the journal article by Patterson
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children of lesbian mothers had regular contact with a wide range of adults of both genders
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The sperm bank study (described in the first column of page 242 of the article by Charlotte Patterson) compared children of lesbian parents to children of heterosexual parents and looked at the child's development in terms of social skills and behavior problems. This study found that these measures of children's functioning were not related to parents' sexual orientation. There were no significant differences between the two groups of children. What factor was related to whether an individual child was developing well?
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the warmth and affection of the parent-child relationship
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Studies of a nationally representative sample of adolescents measured numerous psychological, academic and interpersonal aspects of well-being. These studies found that adolescents living with same-sex parents are the same as adolescents living with opposite-sex parents in just about every way. However, quality of family relationships was consistently related to adolescent outcomes. Which conclusion can we draw from these results?
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If you want to make an accurate prediction of a teenagers' psychological well-being, then you need to know how well they get along with their parents.
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Research on parenting shows that children develop best when they experience
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warmth and affection as well as structure and guidance
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A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. What does durable mean?
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long lasting
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Betsy has trouble controlling her impulses. If she wants to do something, the she just does it even if it gets her into trouble. Freud would say that Betsy's personality is dominated by her
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id
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Joey is an argumentative jerk. However, instead of seeing himself is an argumentative jerk, he says that everyone around him is an argumentative jerk. Freud would say that Joey is using the defense mechanism of
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projection
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Freud believed that most personality disturbances were caused by
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sexual conflicts from early childhood
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Do you bite your nails, chew the ends of your pens, smoke or overeat? If you do, then Freud would say you have an oral fixation. What does this mean in Freud's theory?
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your psychological development stalled during the first year of life; you are still stuck in that stage because of some issue related to breast feeding or weaning
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What is the most appropriate conclusion about genetics and personality?
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All personality traits are the result of the interaction of genetics and experience
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Projective tests like the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach inkblot test are used by many clinical psychologists because
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they provide a useful way to get some subjective information from clients in therapy
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Carl Rogers's approach to personality emphasizes the self-concept, which is your own conscious mental picture of yourself. Because of this focus on one's own subjective beliefs about oneself, Rogers called his approach
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person-centered theory
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Abraham Maslow's approach to personality is called self-actualization theory. What does Maslow mean by the need for self-actualization?
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this is the highest human need; the need to fulfill one's potential
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What is NOT a weakness of self-report inventories?
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They are difficult to score objectively
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What is the main idea of Abraham Maslow's concept of the hierarchy of needs?
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we must satisfy our basic needs (such as hunger, safety, love) before we can be motivated by higher needs (such as personal growth needs)
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According to behavioral theory, personality characteristics are behavioral tendencies that have been shaped by
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classical and operant conditioning
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Carlita is a nervous, emotionally reactive person. She has a high score on the neuroticism scale of the Big 5. Why is she neurotic? Skinner would be most likely to say that she
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has experienced consequences that reinforce her neurotic pattern of reaction
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According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to cooperate and collaborate with others, which is closely associated with the Big Five personality trait of
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agreeability
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At a crowded party, one person feels excited, energized, and outgoing while another person feels reserved and shy. Why do people have different reactions to the same situation? According to the social cognitive approach, how we react to our environment depends on
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how we think
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According to Carl Rogers' theory, the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experiences is known as
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incongruence
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Some individuals feel confident that they can successfully perform the responses necessary to earn reinforcers. In other words, they believe they have the ability to reach their goals. These people are said to have a high level of
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self-efficacy
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Diagnosis is to etiology as
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description is to explanation
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One of the criteria of abnormal behavior is that the behavior is maladaptive. What does maladaptive mean?
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interfering with one's ability to function in everyday life, such as in relationships or at work
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Donna goes to see a doctor because she has been very confused and says someone else's thoughts are being put in her head. The doctor gets more information from Donna and then refers to the DSM-IV. What will the doctor use the DSM-IV for?
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making the appropriate diagnosis
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Which disorder involves a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific object or situation?
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generalized anxiety disorder
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Obsession is to compulsion as
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thought is to behavior
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Research on the etiology of anxiety disorders has found that many anxiety responses are acquired through and maintained through .
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classical conditioning; operant conditioning
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Which type of psychologists psychologists have found that people who misinterpret harmless situations as threatening and those who focus excessive attention on perceived threats are more likely to suffer from anxiety problems?
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cognitive
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What is the main difference between psychosomatic diseases and somatoform disorders?
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psychosomatic diseases may be influenced somewhat by psychological factors while somatoform disorders are mostly caused by psychological factors
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Which somatoform disorder is characterized by excessive preoccupation with one's health and constantly worrying about developing physical illnesses?
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hypochondriasis
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Which disorder involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities?
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dissociative identity disorder
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Although the causes of are not well understood, most people with this disorder experienced severe physical and sexual abuse during childhood.
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dissociative identity disorder
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Compared to major depressive disorder, how prevalent is bipolar disorder?
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bipolar disorder is much less prevalent, affecting 1% - 2% of adults
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Research on cognitive factors that contribute to depression shows that people who have are especially vulnerable to depression.
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a pessimistic explanatory style
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One of the central features of schizophrenic disorders is
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disturbed, irrational thought
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What is the term for a false belief that is maintained even though it is clearly out of touch with reality?
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delusion
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Research has shown that neurotransmitter abnormalities are often found in individuals with schizophrenia. Which neurotransmitter has most of this research been focused on?
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dopamine
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Some of the research on environmental factors that may influence the course of schizophrenia has examined the role of expressed emotion which refers to
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the degree to which a family member displays highly critical or overinvolved attitudes toward the person with schizophrenia
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What are eating disorders?
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severe disturbances in eating behavior accompanied by extreme preoccupation with weight and pathological efforts to control weight
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Like other types of disorders, eating disorders are caused by
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multiple determinants that work together interactively
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The diathesis - stress model of the etiology of psychological disorders is most consistent with which theme of psychology?
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Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
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When showering, someone enters shower next to Jim and starts shower. The water in the shower becomes icy cold. After this happens to him several times, Jim notices that the sound of a shower running gives him goosebumps. Jim's reaction now to the sound of a shower is a(n):
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conditioned reaction -- he learned to act this way at the sound of a shower
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positive reinforcement
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the consequence is something added after the response
R --> +S --> R again |
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negative reinforcement
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consequence is something removed after response (usu. getting rid of something undesirable)
R --> -S --> R again |
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Barnum effect
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"always have a little something for everybody"
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The Big Five Model of Personality Traits (hint: think of the
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OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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ABC Model
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from social cognitive perspective on personality
A --> B --> C Activating Event --> Beliefs --> Consequences |
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self-efficacy
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your belief about your ability to do what it takes to reach your goals
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etiology
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causal factors and the developmental history of a disorder
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diathesis
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predisposition or vulnerability
(internal risk factors) |
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T/F:
When life is really stressful, you will get a disorder only if you have a predisposition to it |
true
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Researchers have discovered that some people with recurrent major depression have too few serotonin receptors. If you were going to apply epigenetics to treat this, then you would:
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give a medication that decreases methylation of serotonin receptor genes (not changing the gene, just the stuff around it)
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Troy's conscientiousness score is very low. His friend says it's because he has an underdeveloped superego. This explanation is consistent with the _______ perspective.
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psychodynamic
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Hamlet: "There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." What perspective?
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social cognitive perspective
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Morgan worries that her mother will die. She performs rituals and her anxiety decreases. She repeats the rituals. This is an example of:
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negative reinforcement
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