Psychology-Developmental And Social, Part 2

Front 1

American Exceptionalism

Back 1

-Us against Them, we would not have behaved as the Germans did in WWII
-Stanford prison experiment on conformity and obediance
-Asch, Milgram-electric shock experiment

Front 2

The Other

Back 2

-Blue eyes/Brown eyes experiment
-American feelings after WWII
-Internment camps
-Uniting ability

Front 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 3

-We blame others:underestimate power of the situation
-We excuse ourselves through power of our own situation
-acts with other-that person acted that way because they are different
-chains of causation

Front 4

Causation

Back 4

-Many, many causes for every experience that occurs in a day, but we find one and focus on it as THE cause

Front 5

Categorization

Back 5

-Each thing has many different attributes, but we find the one simple definition and move on as a way to reduce our information processing load
-We make schemas necessarily and for the same reason

Front 6

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 6

-Festinger-world's most boring task experiment
-person does something they don't agree with, so they must find a way to justify their actions to relieve dissonance
-you see reality differently than before so that you can tell yourself that your behavior is correct

Front 7

Festinger's Cult Experience

Back 7

-joins doomsday cult, and looked forward to their beliefs being shattered
-day comes, world doesn't end, but instead of giving up, they change views to fit this outcome-they appeased the aliens who would have destroyed them
-"A man with a conviction is a hard man to change."

Front 8

Festinger's Findings for America

Back 8

-Blue state/Red state-can they talk to each other? Can you persuade anyone to change their conviction? No
-Abu Ghraib-Why? Where does responsibility lie?

Front 9

Jean Piaget

Back 9

-Child as experimenter:actively explores
-Most important in field of Developmental Psych.

Front 10

Piaget's Schema theory

Back 10

-Mental structure that organizes experience-baby puts things in mouth

Front 11

Assimiliation

Back 11

-Applying existing schemas to new objects or events.
-Know "doggy" and then you see a wolf, what do you call the wolf?

Front 12

Accommodation

Back 12

-Changing your schema or inventing a new one.
-If wolf doesn't behave like doggie, then you must accommodate to make it fit in your life.

Front 13

Piaget's Stage Theory

Back 13

-Qualitative leaps occur
-4 Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, and Formal Operations

Front 14

Sensorimotor Stage

Back 14

-birth to 2 years
-challenge is to make sense of the world
-Modification of reflexes-to 1 month, suck everything the same vs. suck nipple differently than finger
-Primary circular reactions-to 4 months, repeat exact behaviors, combine earlier schemas
-Secondary Circular reactions-to 8 months, same as primary, but now outside the body
-Coordination of Secondary reactions-object permanence, cause and effect
-Tertiary Circular Reactions-Repeat actions on external objects, but vary actions

Front 15

Preoperational Stage

Back 15

-2-7 years
-Appearances are everything
-how it looks=how it is
-put dog mask on cat, it is now a dog
-Centration-striking features of object will dominate attention
-Conservation-don't have this ability to understand that things don't change with shallow transformations
-Egocentric-everything is centered around them-doll mountain test

Front 16

Concrete Operations

Back 16

-7-11 years
-beginnings of logic, internal reasoning
-able to understand Conservation: shallowness, complexity beyond one dimension, and reversability

Front 17

Formal Operations

Back 17

-11-Adulthood
-Abstract reasoning
-operations on operations
-things like metaphor, etc.

Front 18

Bowlby's stages of separation

Back 18

-Protest-child becomes frantic with fear, throws tantrums
-Despair and Depression-after some days, grief and mourning
-Detachment or denial-if separation continues, child becomes indifferent

Front 19

Harlow Monkey

Back 19

-preferred cloth monkey over wire food monkey
-monkeys needed secure base in which to explore

Front 20

Securely Attached Infants

Back 20

-stay close to mothers for the first few moments, but soon explore
-move back towards mothers when stranger enters, but usually smile at them with their mothers there
-upset when moms leave, some cry
-when mom comes back they greet them with joy

Front 21

Anxious-Resistant Infants

Back 21

-reluctant to explore room
-cling to mother's side to hide from stranger
-very upset when mom leaves, but hard to soothe when she returns
-some push her away angrily

Front 22

Anxious-Avoidant Infants

Back 22

-slow to explore
-what distinguishes them is that they avoid their mothers when they return, ignoring greetings
-some infants are friendlier to the stranger than their mom
-seem almost afraid of their moms

Front 23

Ainsworth's Caregiving Hypothesis

Back 23

Quality of attachment depends upon kind of attention infant receives
-Responsive, sensitive, synchronization, warm=secure
-Rejecting, inconsistent, overzealous, impatient, unresponsive=anxious
-Abusive=4th category "disorganized/disoriented"

Front 24

Long Term Correlates of Attachment Quality

Back 24

-Better problem solvers at age 2
-More creative in their symbolic play
-More attractive as playmates
-More likely to initiate play activities
-Sensitive to needs and feelings of others
-Curious
-Self directed
-Eager to learn

Front 25

Authoritarian parenting

Back 25

-impose and expect obediance

Front 26

Permissive Parenting

Back 26

-submit to children's desires
-make few demands
-use little punishment

Front 27

Authoritative Parenting

Back 27

-demanding and responsive
-exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them, but by explaining the reasons behind them
-encourage open discussion