Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Brown & Mcneil
|
read dictionary definition and asked to identify word ex. Jeopardy like
|
|
|
Dyads of Triads
|
2 groups of 3 words in each and had one word related to ex. playing credit and report (card)
|
|
|
Posner and Snyder
|
automatic processes are not conscious, unintentional, use few resources
|
|
|
Logan
|
"instance theory" gain knowledge in diff ways to respond to stimuli ex. math
|
|
|
Langer
|
"mindlessness" ex. pilot forgetting to turn on switch or forgetting to stop by store after work
|
|
|
Reason
|
mistakes and slips
|
|
|
2 reasons why slips occur
|
b/c deviate from routine and auto process overrides intention OR interrupted by external or internal thoughts
|
|
|
forcing function
|
helpful feedback impossible to make slip ex. leave stuff by door or seatbelt before drive
|
|
|
adaptation consious, stimulus intensity, how long exposure
|
not related to consious control, tied with stimulus intenstiy, not related to how long exposed
|
|
|
habituation stimulus intensity, how long exposure
|
related to consious control, not with stimulus intenstiy, related to how long exposed
|
|
|
capture error
|
intend to deviate from process but do not ex. change from work clothes to dress clothes
|
|
|
omission
|
interruption in routine causes errors, ex. phone call while doing something
|
|
|
perservation
|
repeat process
|
|
|
description error
|
correct action on wrong object
|
|
|
4 functions of attention
|
divided attn, vigilance, serach, selective attn
|
|
|
divided attn
|
perform more than one task at a time
|
|
|
signal detection theory
|
how we detect stimuli based on presense or absense and nondectecton/detection
|
|
|
true positive
|
identify target
|
|
|
false positive
|
false alarm no signal there
|
|
|
false negative
|
misses not noticing signal
|
|
|
vigilance
|
waiting to detect a stimuli not expecting ex. military attack
|
|
|
search
|
look for smoke if detector goes off active process and distractors come in here
|
|
|
triesman (3) things
|
feature search and conjunction serach(look for combination of features), feature integration theory easier to do feature search than conjunction
|
|
|
hubel & weisel
|
feature dectors
|
|
|
similarity theory
|
when target and distractor similarity increase so does difficulty
|
|
|
colin cherry
|
cocktail party problem
|
|
|
shadowing
|
colin cherry, listen to 2 msg report only one back
|
|
|
biaural
|
present msg into both ears at same time impossible to understand
|
|
|
dichotic
|
diff msg in each ear
|
|
|
improve cocktail party problem (3)
|
distinct speech, volume, location of source
|
|
|
braodbents model
|
filters info only one channel reaches perception
|
|
|
triesmans model
|
ignore msg in one ear and shadow msg in other if switched then still pick up few words of old msg
|
|
|
broadbents vs. triesmans stimuli
|
block vs. attenuate
|
|
|
attentional resource theory
|
perform more than one task at once limited attn ex two verabal stimuli watching news and writing
|
|
|
affect attention (6)
|
personality & situation anxiety, arousal/interest in stimuli or distactor, nature of task, practice, stage of process (beg mid or end)
|
|
|
stroop effect
|
color of word and ink different
|
|
|
ulric neisser
|
gorilla exp
|
|
|
change blindness
|
inability to detect change in environment ex. ladder in b/t people and person
|
|
|
neglect
|
ignore half of visual field thats contralateral to lesion
|
|
|
access to consious thought
|
buy one model over anotehr model do not know how arrived at that choice ex. think about someone more if want to ignore them
|
|
|
perception
|
make sense of sensations
|
|
|
percept
|
mental representation of percieved stimulus ex. cow shaded picture
|
|
|
perceptual illusion
|
sense isnt what is perceived ex. parthenon
|
|
|
James gibson
|
study perception, distal object, infomation medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object
|
|
|
saccades
|
eyes make constant changes of location of projected image
|
|
|
perceptual constancy
|
perception constant even when proxial sensation of distal object changes
|
|
|
Ponzo illusion
|
size constancy object appear larger than antoher but same size ex. railroad photo
|
|
|
muller lyer illusion
|
diff lengths
|
|
|
shape constancy
|
ex door open and closed still same shape
|
|
|
depth
|
distance from object/surface ex. how loud to call friend
|
|
|
monocular depth cues
|
can observe with one eye 2d
|
|
|
binocular depth cue
|
can observe with two eyes in 3d
|
|
|
monocular cues closer & farther away 5 things
|
texture gradient, relative size, interpostition, linear perspective, and motion paraliax
|
|
|
binocular cues
|
convergent closer together
|
|
|
koffal, kohler, wertheimer
|
gestalt perception
|
|
|
law of prgnanz
|
gestalt organize diff elements into stable form
|
|
|
figure ground
|
figure and background ex. vase photo and man
|
|
|
gestalt principles (3)
|
proximity (grouping object), similarity (X & O), and closure
|
|
|
2 systems for recognizing patterns
|
recog parts of object ex. tulip parts or larger configuration tulip in garden and face recog.
|
|
|
prosopagnosia
|
inability to recog faces or reading
|
|
|
bottom down processing
|
data driven / stimulus repsonse
|
|
|
james gibson
|
direct perception dont need top down only bottom up
|
|
|
akinetopsia
|
loss motion perception life in snapshots not moving
|
|
|
most common blindness
|
red/green
|
|
|
template theory
|
perfect match ex. barcode
|
|
|
prototype theory
|
not perfect but close match ex. police identikits
|
|
|
feature theory
|
match features instead of whole ex. oliver selfridge pandemonium demons
|
|
|
oliver serlfridge
|
pandemonium demons
|
|
|
top down a.k.a
|
constructive perception builds understanding of stimulus or intelligent perception ex. stop sign covered letter & observe color when lights off
|
|
|
context effect
|
influence of surrondings on perception ex. show patient kitchen, bread, drum remember bread b/c more related to kicthen
|
|
|
configurational superiority
|
some config easier to recog even if complex compared to isolation
|
|
|
david marr
|
computational theory of perception
|
|
|
agnosia
|
cant percieve sensory info
|
|
|
stimulatgnosia
|
cant pay attn to more than one thing
|
|
|
spatial agnosia
|
everyday environment issues get lost at own home
|
|
|
encoding
|
how you transform physical sensory imput into kind of representation into memory
|
|
|
storage
|
how you retain encoded info in memory
|
|
|
retrivial
|
how to access info stored in memory
|
|
|
conrad
|
present six letters write down order had acoustic confusibility
|
|
|
example of nondeclaritive memory
|
priming habitituation procedural memory, and classical conditioning
|
|
|
amnesics suffer from cosolidation b/c of
|
electroconvulsive therapy
|
|
|
metamemory
|
reflect on own memory to imrove our memory
|
|
|
ebbinghaus
|
study over time distributed and mass practice
|
|
|
part of brain acts as rapid learning system
|
hippocampus
|
|
|
maintenance rehersal
|
repeated rehersal but not meaningful to be repeated right away
|
|
|
categorical clustering
|
into groups ex. shopping list by isle
|
|
|
interactive images
|
image word by interacting with each other ex. cutting sock with apple in it
|
|
|
pegword system
|
assocated word with previously learned word one is a bun two is a shoe
|
|
|
method of loci
|
landmark that you know well, and remember object there
|
|
|
parallel processing
|
all at once
|
|
|
serial processing
|
one at a time
|
|
|
interference theory
|
recall of words interfere with other words being recalled ex. trigrams after diff seconds shorter time better recall
|
|
|
retroactive intereference
|
after learning something but before recalling
|
|
|
brown peterson
|
retroactive interferance, trigrams recall after diff seconds
|
|
|
proactive interference
|
interference before learning material
|
|
|
bartlett
|
"war of the ghost" prior knowledge effects memory brown peterson model
|
|
|
serial position curve
|
probability of recall of words in reference to position presented
|
|
|
primacy effect
|
recall of words at beginning of list
|
|
|
reconstructive memory
|
use of various strategies
|
|
|
constructive memory
|
prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory
|
|
|
autobiographical memory
|
memory of individual history ex. metropolitan opera house
|
|
|
shacter
|
seven sins of memory transience, absent mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
|
|
|
transience
|
memory fades quickly, can not remember any more did know at one point in time
|
|
|
absentmindedness
|
brush teeth again
|
|
|
blocking
|
know you have to remember but can't ex. tip of the toungue phenonmenon
|
|
|
misattribution
|
cant remember where they heard from or read
|
|
|
suggestibility
|
suggest saw something they believe it ex. film w plane in it no such thing
|
|
|
bias
|
ex. chronic pain never was a time they never didn't experience it
|
|
|
persistence
|
remember unimportant things but forget the important ex. one failure and many successes
|
|
|
repressed memory
|
so traumatic can't remember it pushed into uncounsious
|
|
|
roediger mcdermott
|
15 words related to sleep but never given sleep
|
|
|
source monitoring error
|
memory derived from one source to another source
|
|
|
source monitoring
|
origins of memory
|
|
|
flashbulb memory
|
vivid memory like it's preserved on film ex. 9/11
|
|
|
encoding specificity
|
recall depends on how it was encoded
|
