Psychology Chp 7 Weiten

Front 1

The process in which we retain and retrieve information

Back 1

Memory

Front 2

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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Attention

Front 3

The selection of input

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Selective Attention

Front 4

Not paying attention to the task at hand. Not focusing on one thing at a time.

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Divided attention

Front 5

Altering your memory to make sense to you.

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Misinformation Effect

Front 6

To make up a story, or to bull-shit

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Confabulation

Front 7

The human brain recognizes many operations simultaneously spread across a network of neurons. (Biological approach to learning also called the Connectionist Model)

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PDP Parallel Distribution Processing

Front 8

What are the three steps to the IDM (Information Processing Model)?

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Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

Front 9

Body of knowledge

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Schema

Front 10

Forming a memory code

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Encoding

Front 11

What theory proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes? What are the 3 levels?

Back 11

Level of processing theory; Shallow, Intermediate and Deep

Front 12

What level of processing emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus? Surface level at face value. (Is the word written in capital letters?)

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Shallow Processing (Structural Encoding)

Front 13

What level of processing emphasizes what a word sounds like? (Does it rhyme with weight?)

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Intermediate Processing (Phonemic Encoding)

Front 14

What level of processing emphasizes the meaning of verbal input? Deeper meaning of words, Mnemonics. (He met a ______on the street).

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Deep Processing (Semantic Encoding)

Front 15

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.

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Elaboration

Front 16

The creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered to enrich encoding.

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Visual Imagery

Front 17

Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. 1st buffer.

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Sensory Memory (SM)

Front 18

A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. Working Memory.Leaky Bucket. 2nd Buffer.

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Short Term Memory

Front 19

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in the LTM.

Back 19

Consolidation

Front 20

Strategies for enhanced memory

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Mnemonic Devices

Front 21

Refers to continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it.

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Overlearning

Front 22

Phrases in which the first letter of each word function as a cue to help you recall information.

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Acrostics

Front 23

A word formed out of the first letters of a series of words to help cue you to recall information.

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Acronym

Front 24

Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

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Link Method

Front 25

Taking an imaginary walk to remember facts.

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Method of Loci

Front 26

The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turn out.

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Hindsight Bias

Front 27

Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

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Storage

Front 28

Involves recovering information from memory stores.

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Retrieval

Front 29

What theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can leas to recall.

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Dual Coding Theory

Front 30

What is the three box model?

Back 30

Sensory, Short Term and Long Term Memory

Front 31

What is the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

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Rehearsal

Front 32

Grouping of familiar stimuli as a single unit.

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Chunking

Front 33

What is the magic number 7?

Back 33

People can remember up to 7 things on a list.

Front 34

A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.

Back 34

Short Term Memory

Front 35

Recitation to hold onto a certain piece of information (Phone Number)

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Phonological Loop

Front 36

Permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images. (Rearranging furniture in your head)

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Visuospatial Sketchpad

Front 37

Controls deployment of attention and dividing attention as needed.

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Executive (Central Control System)

Front 38

A temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information and serves as a interface btw working memory and LTM.

Back 38

Episodic Buffer

Front 39

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over a lengthy period of time.

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LTM (Long Term Memory)

Front 40

What are the 2 Systems of LTM?

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Procedural (Non-declarative) and Declarative

Front 41

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.

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Flashbulb Memories

Front 42

In LTM, the "How to" memories, How to walk, talk, eat, etc. Motor Memories

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Procedural (Non-Declarative)

Front 43

In LTM, the specific abstract information. What are flowers, planes, etc.

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Declarative Memories

Front 44

What are the 2 Sub Categories of Declarative Memories?

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Semantic and Episodic

Front 45

What are specific memories, facts, rules, concepts.

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Semantic Memories

Front 46

LTM: Declarative Memory: What are individual memories or episodes in your life? (Shool Dance Example)

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Episodic Memories

Front 47

A type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of the previous experience. Implied Memory.

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Implicit Memory

Front 48

Refers to activating parts of particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out a an action of task

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Priming

Front 49

The conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information.

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Explicit Memory (Recall and Recognition)

Front 50

What is the "to do" list

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Prospective Systems

Front 51

The misinformation effect seems to be due to the unreliability of source monitoring: the process of making inferences about the origin of memory. Leads to mistakes. Did I read that in Vogue or Cosmo?

Back 51

Source Monitioring

Front 52

Struggling to pinpoint the source of the memory: Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. Did Oprah say that or my Psych Teacher?

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Source Monitoring Error

Front 53

Remembering information from the past

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Retrospective Memories

Front 54

Occurs when a participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information. (How fast were you going when you hit the car? How fast were you going when you smashed into the car?)

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Misinformation Effect

Front 55

The tendency to remember the 1st and Last piece of information is a series.

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Serial Position Effect

Front 56

What are the 4 parts of retrival?

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Cues, Context, Reconstruction and Serial Position Effect (source monitoring)

Front 57

Relying on something to cue your memory

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Cues

Front 58

Returning to the context in which you initially had the memory

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Context

Front 59

Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not corrspond to words.

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Nonsense Syllables (Ebbinghaus)

Front 60

Graphs retention and forgetting over time.

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Forgetting Curve

Front 61

What refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered)?

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Retention

Front 62

Requires participants to reproduce information on the own without any cues

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Recall

Front 63

Requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options.

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Recognition

Front 64

Requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time of effort is saved by having learned it before.

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Relearning Measure

Front 65

Information that was never inserted into your memory, and you appear to forget it.

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Pseudo forgetting

Front 66

Proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.

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Decay Theory

Front 67

Proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material

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Interference Theory

Front 68

Occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. You meet Julie then Judy. You can't remember Julie's name now.

Back 68

Retroactive Interference

Front 69

Occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information. You met Julie, then Judy. You can't remember Judy's name b/c you are thinking about Julie

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Proactive Interference

Front 70

What principle states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code?

Back 70

Encoding Specificity Principle

Front 71

The tendency to forget things that you don't want to think about.

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Motivated Forgetting

Front 72

Refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

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Repression

Front 73

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

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Cue Retrieval

Front 74

If you learn something in a particular physical or mental state, you will remember things better in that same state

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State Dependent

Front 75

What are the 2 most important parts of the brain in regards to memory?

Back 75

Hippocampus and Parahippocampus.

Front 76

Involves remembering to perform actions in the future

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Prospective Memories

Front 77

Involves remembering events from the past ot previously learned information

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Retrospective Memories

Front 78

Episodic memory is like a _________ and Semantic Memory is like__________.

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Autobiography, Encyclopedia

Front 79

Losing Memories BEFORE the event happened.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Front 80

Losing memories AFTER the event

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Anterograde Amenesia